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China

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China

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    1. China Encounters with the West

    3. Manchu Dynasty Who?

    4. Nineteenth Century Saw the collapse of Qing control of China. Period of social strife, economic stagnation, explosive population growth, and Western encroachment. Key events: Opium War, Taiping Rebellion, Self-Strengthening Movement, Sino-Japanese War and Republican Revolution. Creation of modern China

    5. Trading Partners 1700s: British goods to India, Indian cotton to China, Chinese tea to Britain Massive amounts of silver coming into China Europeans seeking new markets. The British discovered the Chinese also wanted opium—a highly addictive narcotic. British East India Company and others imported the drug from India from 1829-1831. Opium banned by Manchus in 1836 Opium dens closed and Chinese dealers executed

    7. First Opium War (1839-1842) Opium ban hard to enforce 20,000 chests destroyed in Guangzhou (Canton) in 1839 Two British sailors murder a Chinese man and British try them at Canton (extraterritoriality). The Chinese demanded the sailors be handed over to them; the British refused. The Chinese expelled the British in 1839. June 1839: Chinese war junks attack British merchant ship War declared; Chinese troops and navy no match for modern British army and navy.

    10. Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) (1842) First of several “unequal treaties” Committed the Chinese to free trade, including opium. Opened up five port cities as concessions and trade posts for all Westerners (spheres of influence). Extraterritoriality for British residents British maintain Hong Kong as a colony. Chinese are forced to pay reparations for destroyed opium. “Most-favored-nation” clause Perception that Chinese was being carved up by Western powers. Opium imports: 30,000 chests in 1839 to 87,000 in 1879; 50,000 in 1906; 0 after WWI

    12. Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) From a Hakka peasant family in Kwangtung. Failed the civil servant exams some 4 times. While in the Guangzhou, he converted to Christianity in 1843. Received a vision that he was “God’s Chinese son,” the younger brother of Jesus. Purge China of demons: Manchus, Confucians, Daoists, and Buddhists Association of God Worshipers

    13. Taiping Rebellion Hong believed it was his mission to establish a Heavenly kingdom on Earth. Taiping Tianguo (????) = Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace Culminated as a result of famines, economic stagnation, dissatisfaction with exam system, government corruption. Basically, an expression of anti-Manchu sentiments. Rebels were mostly poorer peasants, miners, and other workers like Hong.

    14. Warfare The Taiping rebels originally started out as guerillas, later adopted traditional warfare. In 1853, the rebels controlled a vast amount of territory and had captured Nanking, renaming it Tianjing (??)—the Heavenly Capital. Hong declared himself Tianwang (?? )—the Heavenly King.

    15. Taiping Policies Kingdom was divided for easy administration. The base of the exam system changed from the Confucian classics to Hong’s translation of the Christian Bible. Private property was abolished. Lunar calendar replaced with a solar calendar. Prohibitions on footbinding, opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, polygamy, slavery, and prostitution.

    17. Fall of the Taipings Never captured Peking (Beijing), the Qing capital—never held Mandate of Heaven. Hong failed to gain the support of Europe or Chinese upper class. Opposition to long-established Chinese customs also hurt the movement. Chinese armies led by Western mercenaries ultimately defeated the Taipings. By 1864, the Imperial army had recaptured much of the Heavenly Kingdom. Over 60 million Chinese died during the rebellion.

    19. Self-Strengthening Movement The Opium War and Taiping Rebellion was a sort of “wakeup call” to the Qing Dynasty and its supporters. Several attempts to reform and modernize the imperial system were made between 1864 and 1911—known as the “Self-Strengthening Movement.” China, however, was a very traditional society and not open to change. Those in power not willing to relinquish it. Cixi (Tzu-Hsi), Empress Dowager

    21. Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) General in Imperial army against Taipings. Responsible for attempts at modernizing army and navy Discredited after the military’s defeat at the hands of Japan. Li and Ito Hirobumi of Japan

    22. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) War fought between China and Japan over control of Korea. Korea had been a tributary state of China. A modern Japanese army and navy swiftly defeated the Chinese military. What about Chinese modernization?

    23. Kang Youwei (1858-1927) Strong advocate of reform for the sake of self-preservation. Social Darwinist. Pointed to India and Ottoman Empire’s failure to modernize and the consequences thereof. He and his student, Liang Qichao were ran out of China after being sentenced to the “death of a thousand cuts.”

    25. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) Advocated a constitutional monarchy for China. Advocated reforming the examination system to include Western sciences. Death warrant put on his head by Cixi as well. Eventually fled to Japan.

    26. Yuan Shikai One of the most outspoken critics of the imperial system. One of the first to advocate doing away with it all together. Involved in the Republican Revolution that established the Republic of China in 1911.

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