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Impact of Increasing CO2 on Invasive Species: Global Change Hypothesis

Explore how rising atmospheric CO2 levels affect plant growth, water usage, and invasive species' behavior. Not all species respond the same. Research on C3, C4, and CAM plants. Data from various studies including FACE experiments.

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Impact of Increasing CO2 on Invasive Species: Global Change Hypothesis

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  1. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 Keeling & Whorf (2004) CDIAC

  2. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2

  3. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth

  4. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water

  5. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same: • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening

  6. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same: • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening

  7. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening • CAM plants – CO2 fixed at night & stored; stomata open at night

  8. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light  C6H1206 + 6O2 + energy CO2 H2O • What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 has 2 direct effects on plants: • Increases photosynthesis → more C for growth • Closes leaf stomates → uses less water • Not all species react the same • C3 plants – responsive to CO2; high stomatal opening • C4 plants – CO2 concentrating mechanism; small stomatal opening • CAM plants – CO2 fixed at night & stored; stomata open at night

  9. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Dukes in Mooney & Hobbs (2000) – Table 5.1: Stimulation of growth for invasive species by elevated atmospheric CO2

  10. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – Oak Ridge Free Air CO2Enrichment (FACE) experiment in sweet gum forest

  11. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year

  12. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year <

  13. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year > <

  14. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > <

  15. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year <

  16. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year  <

  17. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Belote et al. (2003) New Phytologist 161:827-835 – C4 invasive annual grass & C3 invasive woody vine in sweet gum forest 2001 = wet year  > < 2002 = dry year <  <

  18. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Smith et al. (2000): Nevada Desert FACE Facility

  19. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Smith et al. (2000): Red brome (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens)

  20. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis Global Changes – Increasing atmospheric CO2 From Dukes in Mooney & Hobbs (2000) – Fig. 5.1: Stimulation of growth by elevated CO2 for invasives vs. noninvasives

  21. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Evidence in some specific cases • But not all invasives benefit

  22. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming

  23. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming • Increasing N deposition

  24. What makes a species invasive? • b) Environmental <Global> Change Hypothesis • Global Changes • Increasing atmospheric CO2 • Global warming • Increasing N deposition • SUMMARY:Global Changes • General response is similar to that observed for elevated CO2 • Evidence in some specific cases • But not all invasives benefit

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