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UNIT ONE: Science Skills

UNIT ONE: Science Skills. Chapter 1 Measurement Chapter 2 The Scientific Process Chapter 3 Mapping Earth. Chapter One: Measurement. 1.1 Measurements 1.2 Time and Distance 1.3 Converting Measurements 1.4 Working with Measurements. Section 1.2 Learning Goals.

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UNIT ONE: Science Skills

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  1. UNIT ONE: Science Skills • Chapter 1 Measurement • Chapter 2 The Scientific Process • Chapter 3 Mapping Earth

  2. Chapter One: Measurement • 1.1 Measurements • 1.2 Time and Distance • 1.3 Converting Measurements • 1.4 Working with Measurements

  3. Section 1.2 Learning Goals • Explain the meaning of time in a scientific sense. • Discuss how distance is measured. • Use a metric ruler to measure distance. • Describe the units used to measure distance in space.

  4. Key Question: How is time measured accurately? Investigation 1B Measuring Time

  5. 1.2 Time and Distance • Two ways to think about time: • What time is it? • How much time? • A quantity of time is also called a time interval.

  6. 1.2 Time • Time comes in mixed units. • Seconds are very short. • For calculations, you may need to convert hours and minutes into seconds. How many seconds is this time interval?

  7. 1.2 Distance • Distance is the amount of space between two points. • Distance is measured in units of length. • The meteris a basic SI distance unit. In 1791, a meter was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. What standard is used today?

  8. 1.2 Metric prefixes • Prefixes are added to the names of basic SI units such as meter, liter and gram. • Prefixes describe very small or large measurements.

  9. 1.2 The meter stick • A meter stick is 1 meter long and is divided into millimeters and centimeters.

  10. 1.2 The meter stick • Each centimeter is divided into ten smaller units, called millimeters. What is the length in cm?

  11. 1.2 Units of distance in space • One light year is equal to the distance that light travels through space in one year (9.46 × 1012 km) • The parsec is an astronomical distance equal to about 3.26 light years.

  12. Chapter One: Measurement • 1.1 Measurements • 1.2 Time and Distance • 1.3 Converting Measurements • 1.4 Working with Measurements

  13. Section 1.3 Learning Goals • Apply the decimal point rule to convert between metric quantities. • Use dimensional analysis to convert English and SI measurements. • Determine the number of significant digits in measurements.

  14. Key Question: How can you use unit canceling to solve conversion problems? Investigation 1C Conversion Chains

  15. 1.3 Converting units • To convert 1,565 pennies to the dollar amount, you divide 1,565 by 100 (since there are 100 pennies in a dollar). • Converting SI units is just as easy as converting pennies to dollars.

  16. Solving Problems • Convert 655 mm to m • Looking for: • …the distance in meters • Given: • …distance = 655 millimeters • Relationships: • Ex. There are 1000 millimeters in 1 meter • Solution: 655 mm = .655 meters

  17. Solving Problems Convert 142 km to m • Looking for: • …the distance in meters • Given: • …distance = 142 kilometers • Relationships: • Ex. There are ? meters in 1 kilometer? • Solution: • Use the conversion tool.

  18. Solving Problems Convert 754,000 cm to km • Looking for: • …the distance in kilometers • Given: • …distance = 754,000 centimeters • Relationships: • Ex. There are ? cm in 1 m? • There are ? m in 1 km? • Solution: • Use the conversion tool.

  19. 1.3 Converting units • A conversion factor is a ratio that has the value of one. • This method of converting units is called dimensional analysis. • To do the conversion you multiply 4.5 feet by a conversion factor.

  20. Solving Problems Convert 4.5 ft to cm • Looking for: • You are asked for the distance in cm • Given: • You are given the distance in ft. • Relationships: • Ex. There are ? cm in 1 ft? 30.48 cm = 1 ft • Solution: • Make a conversion factor from equivalent

  21. 1.3 Converting units • Use the correct conversion factor to convert: • 175 yds. to m. • 2.50 in. to mm.

  22. 1.3 Working with Measurements • In the real world it is impossible for everyone to arrive at the exact same true measurement as everyone else. Find the length of the object in centimeters. How many digits does your answer have?

  23. 1.3 Uncertainty in measurements • The best answer for the length of the paper clip is 2.65 cm. • To a scientist this number means “between 2.60 and 2.70 cm.” • The last digit, 5, representing the smallest amount, is uncertain.

  24. 1.3 Significant digits • Significant digits are the meaningful digits in a measured quantity. • The third digit tells someone the object is about halfway between 2.60 and 2.70 cm long. • Therefore, we say there are three significant digits in this length measurement.

  25. 1.3 Which digits are significant? Digits that are always significant: • Non-zero digits. • Zeroes between two significant digits. • All final zeroes to the right of a decimal point. Digits that are never significant: • Leading zeroes to the right of a decimal point. (0.002 cm has only one significant digit.) • Final zeroes in a number that does not have a decimal point.

  26. Solve It! What is area of 8.5 in. x 11.0 in. paper? • Looking for: • …area of the paper • Given: • … width = 8.5 in; length = 11.0 in • Relationship: • Area = W x L • Solution: • 8.5 in x 11.0 in = 93.5 in2 # Sig. fig = two = 94 in2

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