Assembly Line

1. Assembly Line • Astrology and Astronomy • Mechanical clocks • Sextant • Huntsman steel • Precision in manufacturing • The lathe • Standard interchangeable parts

2. 600-539 B.C. • Astronomers divided the sky into twelve constellations (clusters of stars), 30 degrees apart in 360 degrees. • This marked the beginning of astrology. • Sexagesimal #s

3. 760AD- Caliph, Al Mansur became ill • Seemingly cured through assessment of star positionsand Gundeshapur medicine. • Lead to increased study of star positions and improvement of the Astrolabe.

4. Translated Arab into Latin • The Almagest (Arab translation of Ptolemy’s star table) and many other texts were translated into Latin during the 12th century.

5. 1276 – Alfonsine Table Is Standard Star Reference • By 1276 the king of Castile ordered a compilation of star tables called the Alfonsine Tables. Later these star positions were worked out for Paris and other places.

6. When Is It Time to Pray • St. Benedict specified certain activities at certain times of day and night which led to the water alarm clock. • 11th Century – Water alarm clock (Clepsydra) developed.

7. A Modified Clepsydra First clocks were water powered back in Alexandria 2250 BP.

8. First All Mechanical Clock Verge and foliot escapement 1275 AD

9. 1275AD -Verge and Foliot Escapement • This all mechanical clock was widely used by priests and astronomers. • By 1400 AD clocks were telling people when to work. It increased productivity. • Accurate to within 15 minutes per day. Verge and Foliot clock in action The great clock of Rouen, Fr.

10. A Venetian 24hr Clock

11. AM and PM • AM comes from Latin for “ante meridian”,which means before noon. • PM comes from Latin for “post meridian,” which mean after noon. • The 12 clock chimes are easier to understand.

12. 1450 AD portable clocks • Driven by a carbon steel spring and controlled by the Fusee • Carbon steel was made by heating carbon and iron together, then hammering off the hard carbonized steel. Spring driven barrel Fusee Blister Steel

13. 1608- Lippershey’s“Looker” • A telescope intended for military purposes but led to Galileo to confirm Copernicus that the Earth is not the center of the universe.

14. Achromatic Lens • Early telescope lenses bent different colors differently resulting in a blurry image. • Dollond’s composite lens was made of Flint and Crown glass giving focal point of white light. Result was a sharp image. Severe chromatic aberration

15. The Pendulum Clock • Galileo’s experimentation of pendulums led to Huygen’s, pendulum clock. • First ones only accurate to 10min/day. • By 1725 engineered escapements allowed accuracy within 1 second per day. Nevertheless, this clock was useless at sea.

16. Modern Escapements • A British clockmaker George Daniels invented the co-axial escapement first used by Omega SA in 1999. • The design uses radial friction instead of sliding friction. Resulting in longer life and improved accuracy. • See the Daniels co-axial escapement in action

17. Verge and Pendulum Escapement How it works

18. 1731 – John Hadley’s sextant • A precise astrolab, capable of measuring angle between two objects such as the sun and horizon. • The first measuring arcs were etched by hand so they had limited precision.

19. 1740 – Huntsman Steel • Benjamin Huntsman was a clock maker dissatisfied with current steel quality. He adopted ”crucible steel” from glass mfg. • Extremely hard uniform steel perfect for clocks. • Helped trigger the industrial revolution. See how steel is made today

20. 1774 – Jesse Ramsden’s Dividing Engine • Triggered by Hadley’s sextant, which demanded more precise arc divisions. • Jesse Ramsden’s Dividing Engine used a steel tangent screw made using a Huntsman steel cutting tool.

21. The Dividing Engine

22. Interchangeable Parts • Honore Le Blanc in France gave the idea of interchangeable parts for making guns to Thomas Jefferson. • USA in 1798 became first to make guns with interchangeable parts.

23. 1808 – Maudslay’s Lathe • Used in England to make ships blocks in the worlds first modern assembly line. His lathes were extremely precise

24. First Standardized Assembly Line • Terracotta Army • Assembled 2200 years ago. • >1800 life size soldiers, weapons, horses, chariots.

25. Ship Blocks • Force is reduced by 1/n where n is number of lines or sheaves supporting the load. • Four sheaves decrease the lift force to 25 Lbs. for a 100 Lbs. weight. • Why does one need to pull the line 4 ft in order to lift weight 1 ft? Work = force x distance

26. Automation not a threat here • Much cheap unskilled labor in USA. • Interchangeable parts and the assembly line led to great growth in jobs and exports. • Later, time/motion studies by Taylor and Gilbreths perfected the assembly line. • Ford’s B-24 Bomber

27. Accuracy • Closeness to true value • The accuracy of an analytical measurement is how close a result comes to the true value. Determining the accuracy of a measurement usually requires calibration of the analytical method with a known standard.

28. Precision • Reproducibility of results • Precision is the reproducibility of multiple measurements and is usually described by the standard deviation, standard error, or confidence interval.

29. Accuracy and Precision

30. Taking the long way home • 22 Oct.1707 2000 sailors died aboard grounded vessels at Scilly isles. • The Board of Longitude • John Harrison’s highly precise spring clock designed for ships solved the longitude problem in 1759. • 15 degree longitude (approx. 1000 mi) per hour.

31. Harrison’s H4 • Completed in 1759 • 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and weighs 1.45 Kg (3.2 Lbs). • Off by only 39.2 s/47 days or 0.83 s per day • Better than twice the required precision.

32. Harrison’s H5 • Tested by King George III in 1772 • It was off only 0.3 second/day • Harrison did not received the £20,000 “prize” from the Board of Longitude in his lifetime.

33. Time & Longitude • 15o/hr or approx. 1000 mi/hr • Check “home” chronometer aboard ship at “high noon”

34. Longitude • An international conference in 1884 set the Royal Observatory in Greenwich England as zero longitude. • A laser beam shoots North along the prime meridian. Readings: “Taking the Long Way Home”

35. Longitude lines are the vertical meridian lines. Zero longitude is Greenwich England. Latitude lines are the horizontal lines. Zero latitude is the equator. The longitude of South tip of Africa is approx. 20 E longitude & 35 S latitude. S. tip of S. America is approx. 75 W longitude & 55 S latitude

36. Longitude Problems 15deg/hr or 1000mi/hr East is Ahead

37. Differentiate between astronomy and astrology. Why 12 months in the year and 12 hours each day and night. Differentiate between accuracy and precision. Operation of water alarm clock, mechanical clock, portable clock and pendulum clock. Astronomy is a science From 12 moons/year Slides #27-29 Slides #7-12 and #15-17 What you should know

38. Why did astronomers prefer the pendulum clock. The Latin and English translation for AM and PM. The connection between the “looker,” the sextant, and the need for more precision fabrication. Why was le Blanc unsuccessful installing his standardized gun parts in France? Pg. 150 Increased precision Ante and post meridian Slides #18-21 It threatened gunsmiths in Europe. What you should know

39. How a lathe works The connection between Huntsman steel (crucible steel), the lathe, tangent screw, dividing engine and the sextant. How ships blocks work (LN). Why the assembly line flourished in the U.S., not in Europe. Burke 144, video Slides #19 Divides work by number of pulleys #25 Cheap, abundant unskilled labor in the U.S. not in Europe. What you should know

40. How the American System of Manufacturing affected U.S. citizens and military Sailing from London at high noon your chronometer reads 2:00PM? What is your new longitude? Describe the construction of Dollond’s achromatic lens Corrective lenses 1300, the “Looker” 1608, why did it take 300 years for this? Burke 149-151. London is ahead (East) so you are West 2hr x 15o/hr = 30o longitude.#33-35 Burke 141 & slide 14 Burke 134-5 What you should know