World War I Breaks Out January 6, 2014 Objective: Identify the major causes of unrest in Europe

1. World War I Breaks Out January 6, 2014 Objective: Identify the major causes of unrest in Europe

2. Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism

3. 1. Militarism • Glorifying military power and preparing for war • If war came, it would be incredibly destructive • Britain: Navy • Germany: Army • Large standing army leads to both patriotism & fear • Conscription: military draft • Had been established in most Western nations • Military leaders became more powerful • Leaders began to make decisions for military instead of political reasons

4. 2. Alliances by 1914 Triple Alliance Triple Entente • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Italy • France • Great Britain • Russia Tangled & unstable alliances!

5. 3. Imperialism • Stronger country taking over a weaker nation • i.e., Balkan Crisis • Competition between European countries for overseas territories • Leads to rivalry & mistrust

6. 4. Nationalism • Deep devotion to one’s own country • Can lead to competition between nations • Territorial disputes • Nationalism  Imperialism  Competition between nations  Fighting  Revenge • Not all ethnic groups had become nations so many still dreamed of their own national states

7. Wait a minute… What’s going on?

8. Oh, yeah!

9. Okay, let’s review… • Balkan Wars – 1912-1913 • Balkan League: Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria • Balkan Peninsula • Mountainous peninsula in the SE corner of Europe • Decline of Ottoman Empire led to formation of Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, & Serbia

10. International Crisis in the Balkans • Balkan Crisis: 1912-1913 • Balkan League – Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria • Serbia, backed by Russia, wanted to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary stands in their way

11. Serbia • Archduke Franz Ferdinand – Austrian heir to the throne who was assassinated on June 28,1914 while visiting Sarajevo (along with his wife) • Gavrilo Princip – 19 year-old member of the Black Hand who assassinates the Archduke

12. The Black Hand? • Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free from Austria-Hungary

13. What’s a leader to do? • A-H gov’t didn’t know if the Serbian gov’t had been directly involved in the assassination • Didn’t care! Wanted to attack Serbia in retaliation • But…feared Russia would intervene on Serbia’s behalf • So they asked for, and received, support from their German allies • “Blank check” from Emperor William II

14. Alliance System Fulfilled • Austria’s declaration of war set off a chain reaction within the alliance system • Countries of Europe follow through on their pledges to support one another

15. Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany Austria Italy Great Britain France Russia

16. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan • Attack France and then Russia • Speed vital • Since Germany knew France had troops all along their border, Germany decided to attack France’s unprotected northern border with Belgium • Germany invades Belgium, a neutral country, thus bringing Britain into the conflict • Britain declares war on Germany • By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war!

17. European Nations Take Sides Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Russia • Joins later: Japan & Italy Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Joins later: Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire

18. January 7, 2014 Objective: Identify the events that led to America’s entry into the war

19. The Use of Propaganda • Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause • Most people believed that their nation’s cause was just • Many also believed that the war would be over in just a few short weeks

21. The Western Front • Trench Warfare • Soldiers fought from parallel trenches • Armies traded huge losses for small land gains • “No man’s land” • Stretched between enemy lines • Filled with bomb craters and barbed wire • No soldier could survive there

22. A Puzzling Phenomenon • Trench warfare was something that military leaders had no experience with • This was not a war of movement and manuever • The Great War becomes a war of attrition • A war based on wearing down the other side by constant attacks and heavy losses

23. New Tools of War: Machine Guns

24. New Tools of War: Poison Gas Some gases caused blinding or severe blisters. Others caused death by choking Introduced by the Germans but used by both sides

25. New Tools of War: Armored Tanks Introduced by British in 1916

26. New Tools of War: Zeppelins

27. New Tools of War: Zeppelins Because they were filled with hydrogen, zeppelins were easy to take down if hit by antiaircraft guns

28. New Tools of War: Airplanes First used to take photographs of enemy lines and later to drop bombs

29. New Tools of War: Submarines Introduced by Germany (known as U-boats) in 1914

30. New Tools of War: Larger Artillery

31. Result of New Tools of War Kill huge numbers of people more effectively!

34. U.S. Involvement • At first, tried to remain neutral • Britain set up a blockade of Germany which prevented Ger. from gaining war materials and other goods by sea • Ger. retaliated by setting up a blockade of Britain and utilized unrestricted submarine warfare

35. Lusitania • British ship sunk by German u-boats • >100 American civilians were killed • Ger. suspended unrestricted warfare due to protest from U.S. (Sept. 1915) • Ended suspension in April 1917

36. Zimmerman Note Primary Source Activity

37. The U.S. Enters the War • Justification for declaring war on Germany • Which was taken largely because of the German decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare. • This, and the sinking of the Lusitania, brings the U.S. to join the Allies in 1917

38. The War’s End and Aftermath

39. 14 Points – Wilson’s Plan for peace! • Proposed to Congress even before the end of the war • 1st five points – end secret treaties, reduce armies, free trade • 6-13 – New countries created • 14th point – created a League of Nations.

40. What is the Big Four? • Refers to the member states that attended the 1919 Paris Peace Conference following World War I

41. Who Represented the Big Four? David Lloyd George – England Woodrow Wilson – US Vittorio Orlando – Italy George Clemenceau – France

42. What Did They Want? • Wilson: New world order based on democracy and international cooperation • Very idealistic! • George: Make the Germans pay for the war • Clemenceau: Revenge and security against future attacks from Germany • Germany stripped of all weapons • Reparations • Separate Rhineland as a buffer state between Fr. And Ger.

43. The Big Three • Even though Italy was invited, the U.S., France, and Great Britain made most of the decisions • Germany was not invited to attend • Russia could not be present due to its own civil war • Side note: Had pulled troops out earlier when Russian Revolution started

44. And “on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month”… (November 11, 1918) ARMISTICE is SIGNED

45. Treaty of Versailles • Reparations - $ paid by losing side • War Guilt Clause – Germany is the sole cause of the war • Creates the League of Nations • Established 9 new countries • Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Latvia, Turkey • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Demilitarized Rhineland

46. Treaty of Versailles – Main Points! • Blame • Reparations • Army • Territory

47. Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]   1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war 2.     Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.

48. Versailles cont. . 3.     Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.  

49. Versailles 4.     Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

50. Legacy of Versailles • Germany in economic ruins • New natn’l boundaries leave every nation w/ethnic minorities • Mandates of colonial territories • Hitler’s rise to power • US pulls away from European affairs • Most of the wars of the 20th century, revolutions • Russians feel ignored