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Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology. Introduction. How should we define someone who is normal? How should define someone who has a psychological disorder? Have you encountered a “mentally ill” person? How did you react?. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders.

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Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

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  1. Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

  2. Introduction • How should we define someone who is normal? • How should define someone who has a psychological disorder? • Have you encountered a “mentally ill” person? How did you react?

  3. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

  4. Defining Psychological Disorders • Psychological disorders • Deviant behavior • Distressful behavior • Harmful dysfunctional behavior • Definition varies by context/culture • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

  5. Understanding Psychological DisordersThe Medical Model • Medical model • Mental illness (psychopathology)

  6. Understanding Psychological DisordersThe Biopsychosocial Approach • Interaction of nature and nurture • Influence of culture on disorders

  7. Classifying Psychological Disorders • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) • DSM-IV-TR • International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) • From World Health Organization

  8. Classifying Psychological Disorders

  9. Classifying Psychological Disorders

  10. The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

  11. Labeling Psychological Disorders • Rosenhan’s study • Power of labels • Preconception can stigmatize • Insanity label • Stereotypes of the mentally ill • Self-fulfilling prophecy

  12. Anxiety Disorders

  13. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorders • Generalized anxiety disorder • Panic disorder • Phobia • Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Post-traumatic stress disorder

  14. Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Generalized anxiety disorder • 2/3 women • Free floating anxiety • Can’t identify its cause

  15. Panic Disorder • Panic disorder • Panic attacks

  16. Phobias • Phobias • Specific phobia • Social phobia • Agoraphobia

  17. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessive-compulsive disorder • An obsession versus a compulsion • Checkers • Hand washers

  18. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  19. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Post-traumatic stress disorder • PTSD • “shellshock” or “battle fatigue” • Not just due to a war situation • Post-traumatic growth

  20. Understanding Anxiety DisordersThe Learning Perspective • Fear conditioning • Stimulus generalization • Reinforcement • Observational learning

  21. Understanding Anxiety DisordersThe Biological Perspective • Natural selection • Genes • Anxiety gene • The Brain

  22. Somatoform Disorders

  23. Somatoform Disorder • Somatoform disorder • Somatic (body) • Conversion disorder • Hypochondriasis

  24. Dissociative Disorders

  25. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders • Fugue state • Dissociate (become separated)

  26. Dissociative Disorders • Have you ever walked in your sleep? • Did you have imaginary playmates as a child? • Were you physically abused as a child? • Were you sexually abused as a child? • Have you ever noticed that things are missing from your personal possessions? • Have you ever noticed that things appear where you live, but you don’t know where they came from? • Do you ever speak about yourself as “we” or “us”? • Do you ever feel that there is another person or persons inside you?

  27. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Dissociative identity disorder (DID) • Multiple personality disorder

  28. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder • Genuine disorder or not? • DID rates • Therapist’s creation • Differences are too great • DID and other disorders

  29. Mood Disorders

  30. Mood Disorders • Mood disorders • Major depressive disorder • Bipolar disorder

  31. Major Depressive Disorder • Major depressive disorder • Lethargy • Feelings of worthlessness • Loss of interest in family and friends • Loss of interest in activities

  32. Major Depressive Disorder * During any given year, depressive disorders affect more than 19 million American adults. * This includes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. * Pre-schoolers represent the fastest-growing market for antidepressants. At least four percent of preschoolers—more than one million—are clinically depressed. * The rate of increase of depression among children is 23%. * In most developed countries, 15% of the population suffers from severe depression. * An estimated 30% of women are depressed. * 41% of depressed women are too embarrassed to seek help. * 80% of depressed people are not currently receiving any treatment. * An estimated 15% of depressed people commit suicide. * By 2020, depression will be the second largest killer after heart disease. Furthermore, studies indicate that depression is a contributing factor to fatal coronary disease. * Depressive disorders are appearing earlier in life. The average age of onset 50 years ago was 29; recent statistics show the average age of onset is between 14 and 15 years old. * Depressive disorders often co-occur with anxiety disorders and substance abuse. * Nearly twice as many women as men suffer with depression each year.

  33. Suicide • People who talk about suicide rarely commit suicide. • Suicide rarely happens without warning. • Women’s suicide rates are generally highest in midlife. • Most people who attempt suicide fail to kill themselves. • There is a strong correlation between alcoholism and suicide. • More teenagers die from suicide than from AIDS.

  34. Bipolar Disorder • Bipolar Disorder • Mania (manic) • Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc. • Bipolar disorder and creativity

  35. Understanding Mood Disorders • Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression • Depression is widespread – so are the causes • Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression – women get sadder, men get madder • Most major depressive episodes self-terminate – therapy helps speed recovery • Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often precede depression • With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

  36. Understanding Mood Disorders

  37. Understanding Mood DisordersThe Biological Perspective • Genetic Influences • Mood disorders run in families • The depressed brain • Biochemical influences • Norepinephrine and serotonin in low amounts

  38. Understanding Mood DisordersThe Biological Perspective

  39. Understanding Mood DisordersThe Social-Cognitive Perspective • Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact • Self-defeating beliefs • Learned helplessness • Overthinking

  40. Understanding Mood DisordersExplanatory Style

  41. Understanding Mood DisordersThe Vicious Cycle of Depression

  42. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

  43. Schizophrenia

  44. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia (split mind) • Not multiple personalities

  45. Symptoms of SchizophreniaDisorganized Thinking • Disorganized thinking • Delusions – false beliefs • Delusions of persecution (paranoid)\Word Salad • Breakdown in selective attention

  46. Symptoms of SchizophreniaDisturbed Perceptions • Disturbed perceptions • Hallucinations • hearing voices(most common)

  47. Symptoms of SchizophreniaInappropriate Emotions and Actions • Inappropriate Emotions • Flat affect • Inappropriate Actions • Catatonia • Disruptive social behavior

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