Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Human Development

2. When I was your age…. • What will you be doing 10 years from now? • Try to picture what you will look like • Do you look like you do now? • Most of us tend to think what and where we are not (the present) • Adolescence, adulthood, etc. Human Development

3. Rates of Development • We all experience development at different rates • Some kids before others Patterns of Development

4. General Principles • 1. Development Follows a Predictable Patterns • Develop control of eye, then turn the head, then trunks, finally arms, hands, legs and feet • 2. The individual 1st develop general responses then proceeds to specific responses • EX: reaching for a toy • The babies will use entire body to reach it, then eventually just using the arm, hand, or fingers

5. 3. It is a lifelong continuous process • Each person must go through states, however, this does not mean that each state appears at the same time for every person • 4. Each stage has unique features • Can be expressed differently depending on the culture • EX: rebellion during adolescence does not necessarily appear in ALL cultures • 5. Early development can be more important than later development • EX: walking, talking, etc.

6. Critical Period – time period when a person may learn a behavior easily • Before or after, the behavior is more difficult to learn • EX: C.P. for language – birth – 6 years • EX: C.P. for bonding – 1st few hours after birth • Sensitive period Patterns of Development

7. Observations • Longitudinal method • Studying someone over a long period of time • Time consuming, expensive, hard to keep in touch, atypical • Cross-Sectional Method • People of different ages • Reduces the amount of time Study of Development

8. Growth of an individual’s body • Height and weight • Greatest % of growth in early stages • Height: pre-school years • Age 3: person is ½ as tall as he/she will be • Girls grow faster until around 13 • Average man is 3-5” taller • Weight • Fastest weight gain is in the first year of life Physical Development

9. Effects on Personality • Attitude of others will have on effect on the personality development • Early-maturing males: more self-confident and independent • Late-maturing males: could have more difficult time adjusting • EX: less likely to play sports or excel at them

10. Effects on Personality • Early-maturing female vs. late-maturing female • Effects aren’t as great • Both have a sense of prestige

11. Motor Development: Control of muscles in the body • Related to making social contacts • EX: learning to walk or run • Awkward or coordinated • Dependent or independent Motor Development

12. Motor Development in a Baby • Head • Repeat facial features, follow object with eyes • Trunk • Turn over completely • Limbs • Grasp then pick up objects Motor Development

13. In Childhood • Slows but continues • In adolescence • Increases rapidly • In the mid 20s – Middle Age • Increase then decline • In Old Age • Rapid decline; can still perform tasks but not at the same speed Motor Development

14. Hand-Eye Coordination • Must a person be able to see their hands and arms to learn to reach for something? Motor Development

15. Certain common features everyone uses • Does not have to be all the same • All have certain rules and arrangements • All consist of sounds or symbols that have specific meanings Language Development

16. Do animals have language? • Honeybees perform a dance, chimpanzees can learn sign language • United Streaming: Concepts in Nature: Animal Communication Language Development

17. In humans… • Stage 1: 1st cries, coughs, and gurgles • Stage 2: babies’ cries vary in lengths and tones • Stage 3: babbling sounds, similar to vowels • Stage 4: formal part of language develops Language Development

18. How do children learn language? • Reward, learning, and biology • NOT just repeating words that we have heard before • You cannot use a sentence without understanding its meaning • Parents are more likely to correct mispronounced words than bad grammar • EX: “that a ball” vs. “that a all” Language Development

19. Learning vs. Innate Ability (built-in ability) • Infants in different countries make similar sounds • EX: Chinese, French, German, American babies make the same sounds • Deaf babies make the same sounds • Innate biological factors Language Development

20. Individual's awareness and expression of an emotional experience • Plays a role in how well you get along with others • Unhappy vs. happy Emotional Development

21. What emotions are present at birth? • None can be determined • 1 day old: tell the difference between real and fake • Distress and delight • “Stanger Anxiety” • 9 months – choose mother over a stranger Emotional Development

22. How does it change with age? • EX: young children will throw temper tantrums • Middle Age – less aggressive and hostile • Elderly – can be brought on by the world Emotional Development

23. Fear as a common emotion • Changes with age • Infants fear nothing…why? • Increased understanding in the environments causes fears to lessen or change Emotional Development

24. Learning to act and live in society • Occurs through association with others • Social habits, customs, what is right and wrong, how to get along with others Social Development

25. When does it appear? • Infants respond to faces • Babies recognize and respond to people and others • Preschool: 3 stages • 1. Dependence • 2. Resistance • 3. Cooperation Social Development

26. Social Changes during the early school years • Conflicting ideas when entering school • Adopt standards of age group • Choose to play with kids of the same sex Social Development

27. Adolescents • Growing out of childhood • Strive to be independent • Increased interest in members of the opposite sex • Stages of development • 1. Hero-Worship • 2. Puppy love • 3. Romantic love Social Development

28. Development of one’s mental abilities • Based on results of IQ tests • Piaget: WHY is more importance that what was given Intellectual Development

29. 4 stages: • 1. Sensory motor • 2. Preoperational • 3. Concrete operational • 4. Formal operational Intellectual Development

30. 1. Sensory Motor • Senses, muscles • Can bring changes to the environment • Understanding is limited • Objects still exist even if they can’t see them Intellectual Development

31. Preoperational • Symbols and language • Lacks organization • Self-centered • Concrete operational • Logical thinking • Quantities remain the same even if shape changes Intellectual Development

32. Formal Operational • No longer self-centered • Still concerned with own problems • Combine various pieces of information to solve problems Intellectual Development

33. Worksheet: How does development change with age?

34. Individual develops the knowledge of what is right and wrong Moral Development

35. Measuring moral development • “moral dilemmas” • The right way to behave in a particular situation Moral Development

36. 6 stages • 1. Avoiding punishment • 2. Rewards • 3. Pleasing or displeasing others • 4. Respect for authority and citizenship • 5. Welfare of community • 6. Principles of justice Moral Development