Weather

1. Weather

2. Weather is.... • The current state of the atmosphere...what is happening right now

3. Main points to remember as we learn about weather: • The sun warms the earth’s surface and therefore all the air above the surface • The earth is warmed most at the equator and least at the poles. • The air above land is warmed more quickly than air above water. • Warm air expands and rises, creating an area of low pressure; cold air is dense and sinks, creating an area of high pressure

4. Weather Factors • Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place TEMPERATURE= the average motion of molecules ↑ TEMP= ↑movement of molecules= feels hot ↓ TEMP= ↓movement of molecules= feels cold

5. Air Pressure • Warm air= expanding or rising air= leaves behind L pressure • Cold Air=sinking air= leaves an area of H pressure

6. Wind Movement • Uneven heating of the earth’s surface causes some areas to be warmer than others. • As we know, warm always follows cold to share it’s warmth- when this happens in the atmosphere, wind happens!

7. What causes winds? • A wind is a horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure • It is this difference in pressure that makes the air move=wind • Winds are measured by direction and speed • The anemometer is the tool we use to measure this • Wind chill=↑ cooling the wind causes

8. Local Winds • The land cools and heats faster than the ocean. Water holds heat longer than land, and takes longer to heat or cool. SEA BREEZE During the day, the land gets hotter faster than the water. The heated air rises, leaving behind an area of low pressure. Wind from the cooler sea blows in to take the place of that warmer air. These happen during the day!

9. Land Breezes At night the land cools off faster than the sea. Cool air sinks creating an area of high pressure. Wind blows from the land to the sea.

10. Global Circulation and Wind Systems • Solar energy is at its greatest around the equator.

12. Global Winds: • Wind belts: Horse Latitudes= 30°N and S of equator =calm winds= worlds desert areas Jet Streams= 10km above the surface blow from the west to the east

13. Doldrums – calm winds of the tropics • The Doldrums is an area of low pressure at the equator. Most of the air movement in the doldrums is upward, as the heated air rises. • Known also as the Equatorial Convergence Zone

14. Intense heat = Powerful CONVECTION • Warm, moist air rises and leaves behind an area of low pressure. This is why most rain forests are found along equatorial regions. • That air rises until it reaches the top of the troposphere, where it can’t rise any further. • It spreads out towards the polar regions HOT follows COLD wanting to share its warmth. • As it spreads it begins to cool and sink-usually 30°N and S of the equator- sinking air produces an area of H pressure with dry conditions= desert regions on earth

15. Some or the air moves back towards the equator as it sinks... • Tradewinds

16. Water in the Atmosphere: Humidity • Humidity: measure of the amount of water vapor stuck between molecules in the air. The air’s ability to hold water depends on the air temp • The hotter the air, the more water the air can hold • Cold air: molecules move slower so droplets of water can start to stick together=condensation • Relative humidity: the amount of water vapor(%) compared to the amount the air can hold- tool used is a psychrometer. • 100%=air is saturated

17. Psychrometer

18. Cloud Formation • Clouds form when water vapor condenses on dust, salt particles in the air • The temperature in which condensation begins is called the dew point

19. TYPES OF CLOUDS • Cirrus Clouds: wispy, feathery clouds Form only at high levels, therefore are made of ice crystals

20. Types of Clouds • Cumulus Clouds: are puffy white cotton ball looking clouds

21. Cumulonimbus Clouds • These are thunderstorm clouds

22. Types of Clouds • Stratus Clouds: clouds that form in flat layers- cover all or most of the sky and are low level clouds

23. Air Masses • Air masses are masses of air that have the same characteristics of the surface over which it develops • Pressure Systems descending (going down)=H pressure ascending (going up)=L pressure

24. Fronts: the boundary between 2 air masses This is the symbol on a map for a warm front • Warm Front: warm air slides over departing cold air- large bands of precipitation form

25. This is the symbol for a cold front Cold Fronts • Cold air pushes under a warm air mass. Warm air rises quickly=narrow bands of violent storms form

26. This is the weather map symbol for an occluded front Occluded Front • 2 air masses merge and force warm air between them to rise quickly. Strong winds and heavy precipitation will occur

27. This is the weather map symbol for a stationary front Stationary Front • Warm or cold front stops moving. Light wind and precipitation may occur across the front boundary

28. Reading a weather map • ISOBAR= connects areas of equal pressure BAR comes from BARometric pressure

29. Surface Analysis Shows cold fronts and warm fronts Shows isobars connecting like pressures

30. Reading a weather map... • Isotherm: Connects areas of equal temperature; therm means temperature