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Prenatal Development and Childbirth: Stages and Interventions

This chapter explores the process of prenatal development, including fertilization, embryonic and fetal periods. It also explains the stages of childbirth and different approaches and interventions. Additionally, it covers newborn states and sensory development.

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Prenatal Development and Childbirth: Stages and Interventions

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  1. Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

  2. Fertilization/Conception • Fertilization process: • mature egg cell every _______ • ________ - egg released from ovary to fallopian tubes; usually fertilized there • ______: one-celled product of egg and sperm • Fraternal (______ twins) – 2 eggs fertilized • Identical (_______) – zygote separates into 2 separate clusters

  3. Prenatal Development (3 phases/stages) • Period of the zygote – 1st 2 weeks • _________ – ball of cells which implants into the uterine lining • ____________ - protective outer layer of the blastocyst • _____________ – protects the developing embryo • ______________– permits food and oxygen to be sent to the embryo and the waste from the baby to exit (connected to baby by the umbilical cord)

  4. Period of the embryo (2-8 weeks) • ___________ - cells that become the nervous system • __________ – muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, internal organs • __________– digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, glands • ___ month- sense organs form; internal organs become more distinct; movement

  5. Fetal period (9wks – birth) growing and finishing” phase • ____ month – genitals well-formed; heartbeat can be detected • 2nd trimester (13-24 wks) – vernix (_______) & lanugo (_______) protect the skin; neurons in place • 3rd trimester (25-38 weeks) • age of ________ (22-26 weeks)- survival outside the womb is more possible • cerebral cortex enlarges

  6. general growth principles: • __________ - from the head downward • __________ - from the inside to the outside

  7. Childbirth • __________ occurs a few weeks prior to birth - baby turns downward and “drops” • Stage 1 - labor: _________________ of the cervix (4-14 hours); regular contractions • transition - ________ opens completely • Stage 2 - delivery: baby ready to be born (20-50 minutes); pushing • Stage 3 - ________ - placenta and remaining umbilical cord are delivered

  8. Approaches to childbirth • Natural or prepared (Lamaze) • classes; relaxation & breathing techniques; labor coach • Birthing accommodations • midwifery (home birth) • birthing rooms (rooming in with baby?)

  9. Medical interventions • Fetal monitoring • Cesarean section • emergencies • previous c-section • breech position • medications • analgesics - relieve pain • anesthetics - blocks sensation (epidural)

  10. Newborn states • _______ – inborn, automatic response to specific stimuli (Rooting, Sucking, Moro, etc.) • Sleep (16+ hours daily) • REM sleep (____% of sleep time) – brain stimulates itself • NREM – slow brain wave activity, slow HR and breathing • Crying (first communication method) • Hunger, pain, fear, discomfort • Adults seem to have an instinctive, natural human response • Shaken baby syndrome

  11. Sensory development • Vision - can’t focus very well; prefer black-white contrasts • Hearing - prefer complex sounds; recognize mother’s voice • Cutaneous senses (touch) - can experience pain • Taste and Smell • prefer sweets • recognize scent of mother

  12. The period of the _____ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur because ______ this time. A. fetus; birth takes place soon after B. zygote; implantation occurs during C. fetus; the prenatal organism is growing most rapidly during D. embryo; the foundations for all body parts are laid down during

  13. Which of these occurs during the third stage of labor? A.The mother feels the urge to push. B. The baby is born. C. The cervix gradually dilates. D. The placenta is delivered.

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