Skeletal System

1. Skeletal System

2. Skeletal System • 206 bones • Functions • Supports body and provides shape • Protects internal organs • Movement and anchorage of muscles • Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus) • Hemopoiesis (red marrow of the bone is the site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones (epiphyses), sternum and ilia).

3. Bone formation Osteocytes = mature bone cell Osteo = bone Cyte = cell Microscopic mature bone cells 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

4. Bone formation • Ossification – new minerals deposit to form bone • Begins at 8 weeks gestation • Minerals replace previously formed cartilage. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

5. Bone formation • Infants bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification. • As bones ossify, they become hard. • Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

6. Know the following…. • Osteocytes = mature bone cells • Osteoblasts = cells that actually form bone • Osteoclasts = cells that tear down old bone 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

7. Bone formation 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

8. Types of Bones Long bones Found in the arms and legs Diaphysis – shaft Epiphyses – ends Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

10. Chewing with movable skull bone = mandible Occipital bone connects with spinal column

11. Axial Skeleton • Skull frontal view • What are the structures of the frontal view of the skull. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

12. Axial Skeleton • Skull lateral view • What are the structures of the lateral view of the skull. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

13. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

14. Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid • (u-shaped bone in neck to which the tongue is attached) • Appendicular– shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs (126 bones total) 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

15. Axial Skelton • Hyoid Bone • What is unique about the hyoid bone? 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

16. Vertebral Column

17. Spine – Vertebral Column • Encloses the spinal cord • Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage • Intervertebral discs • Cervical Vertebrae (7) • Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae • Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae • Thoracic Vertebrae (12) • Lumbar Vertebrae (5) • Sacrum • Coccyx

18. Appendicular Skeleton • Shoulder girdle • Clavicle, scapula, humerus 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

19. Clavicle = collar bone Scapula = shoulder blade Humerus = upper arm Radius and ulna = lower arm (radius = thumb side) Carpals = wrist bones held together by ligaments Appendicular skeleton

20. Metacarpals = hand bones • Phalanges = fingers • Pelvis = 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) • Femur = upper leg, longest and strongest bone in the body 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

21. Tibia and Fibula = lower leg (tibias touch – tibia is larger of the two bones) • Sternum = breast bone • Patella = kneecap • Tarsal bones = ankle bones • Calcaneus = heel bone • Metatarsals = foot bones

22. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvis • Pelvic girdle = ilium, ischium and pubis 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

23. Joints • Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement: • Diarthrosis – movable • Amphiarthrosis – partially movable • Synarthrosis – immovable • Articular cartilage – covers joint surface • Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints

24. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

25. Joints • Ball and socket • One bone has a ball at one end • The other has a concave socket • Allows for the greatest range of motion • Ex: shoulder 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

26. Joints • Hinge joint • Move in one direction 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

27. Joints:Diarthroses • Example of a hinge joint. • Define uniaxial… permits movement in one axis only 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

28. Joints • Pivot joints • Bones that rotate across each other 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

29. Joints • Gliding joint • Bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other • i.e. bones in ankle and hand 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

30. Joints • Amphiarthroses • Partially movable joints 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

31. Joints • Synarthroses • Immovable joints • Connected by fibrous connective tissue 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

32. Bursa and Synovial Membrane • Bursa • Fluid-filled sac that contains the synovial membrane • Lined by synovial membrane 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

33. Bursa and Synovial Membrane • Synovial membrane • Capsule that encloses a joint • Lines the bursa • Contains synovial fluid 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

34. Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing. Types of movement

35. Amovementof a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another. i.e. going from sitting to standing Extension

36. AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body. Adduction A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

37. The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. Circumduction

38. A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. i.e. shaking your head “no” Rotation

39. A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. Pronation

40. The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. Supination

41. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Arthritis • Arthritis = An inflammation of one or more joints. • Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

42. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Arthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis = A chronic, autoimmune disease = joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

43. Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis

44. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Gout • Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

45. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis- most of those affected are women. • Mineral density of bone is reduced 35% – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, more porous and more prone to fracture. (soft like a sponge)

47. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis • How do you think osteoporosis treated?. • Why is her height decreasing? 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

48. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Rickets • Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft. • Is this a common problem in the US? Why or why not? Normal legs

49. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Abnormal spinal curvatures Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis swayback hunchback 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

50. Skeletal System Trauma • Dislocation • Separation of bones in a joint • Subluxation = partial separation (dislocation) 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system