Evolution of a water‑impermeable cuticle.

1. Evolution of a water‑impermeable cuticle. Evolution of a chlorophyll as a pigment for photosynthesis. Evolution of protective layers for the gamete‑bearing structures. Initial absence of herbivores. Development of tracheids. Several important evolutionary adaptations (or conditions) occurred that helped to make the invasion of land by plants permanent. Which of the following is NOT one of those changes?

2. Figure 30.2. Variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relationships

3. Figure 30.3 From ovule to seed

4. Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus strobus)

5. Chapter 30. Plant Diversity II The evolution of seed plants

6. 30.1. A seed consists of the embryo, its food supply and a protective coating.

7. Chapter 30 Key Concepts • Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land • Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically on cones • Flowers and fruit are adaptations of angiosperms • Human welfare (including healthcare) depends greatly on seed plants epiphytes

8. “Hotlips” Heliconia

10. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

11. Match the derived characters listed below with the correct branch point in the diagram • Flowers • Embryos • Seeds • Vascular tissue

12. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

13. Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus strobus)

14. Pollen grains (male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall)

15. 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity (see also p. 622) (Naked seeds - lack ovaries where eggs develop)

16. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba[maidenhair tree]

17. 30.5 Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba

18. Ginkgo: Male (left, pollen), female (right, seeds)

19. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

20. 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta: cycads (“sago palms”)

21. 30.7 Phylum Gnetophyta: Welwitschia

22. Ephedrine used medicinally as decongestant, stimulant or appetite suppressant. (Chemically almost identical to amphetamine and methamphetamine) Gnetophyta: Ephedra sp. (arid regions)

23. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

24. 30.5 Gymnosperm diversity (see also p. 623)

25. Phylum Coniferophyta: Douglas fir

26. Phylum Coniferophyta: Sequoia

27. Phylum Coniferophyta: Cypress swamps

28. Phylum Coniferophyta: ‘Lone Cypress’, Monterey California

29. Phylum Coniferophyta: Pacific yew

30. Phylum Coniferophyta: A pine farm

31. Bristlecone Pine(some of the oldest living organisms)

32. Pinus: pollen cones Fir: Ovulate cones

33. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

34. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

35. Figure 29.5 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

36. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

37. Pine Sporangium with spores

38. Pine pollen

39. Pine embryo

40. Seeds Pollen Vascular tissue Ovaries Ovules Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common, except

41. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

42. Figure 30.13 Representatives of major angiosperm clades (Anthophyta) Monocots – (Eu)dicots

43. Figure 30.13A comparison of monocots and Eudicots

44. Xylem cells in angiosperms(see also 35.10)

45. 30.7 The structure of a flower Perfect flowers: Both male and female parts (as opposed to imperfect flowers) Mono-ecious: Both male and female flowers occur on the same plant (as opposed to di-ecious plants with truly female and male plants)

46. Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)

47. 30.8. Some variations in fruit structure

48. Figure 30.9 Fruit adaptations (shape, color, smell, time of flowering, etc.) that enhance seed dispersal:red berries (left), dandelion (right)

49. Dandelion seed dispersal

50. 30.9. A bird eating berries containing seeds that will be dispersed later with the animal's feces