Week 12 Chapter 28 The Cold War & American Globalism 1945-1960

Exam Update The Cold War in Asia(pages 758-742) & The Struggle for the 3rd World(pages 746-753) will notbe covered on the exam

The Cold War shaped American popular culture as well as foreign policy. Cartoonist Jay Ward’s “Rocky and His Friends” premiered on television in 1959. In the first forty-segment episode, “Jet Fuel Formula,” Rocky the Flying Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose—urged on by American military leaders—tried to recreate their secret formula for lunar propulsion while evading the tricks and explosive traps of Boris Badenov and Natasha Fatale, spies who’s supposed “Pottsylvanian” origins did nothing to mask their heavy Russian accents. Bruce Stawicki/http://artist4hire.net

McCarthyism • Domestic hunt for communists starts before McCarthy (Red Scare, 1919–20) • Soviet espionage exists, but HST & Ike overreact • Use alarmist rhetoric to fund Cold War • Politicians red-bait opponents • In 1947, HST starts discharging “security risks” • For most, no evidence of disloyalty • HUAC seek publicity with attack on Hollywood • Hollywood Ten charged • Ronald Reagan, Walt Disney testify that there is a commie threat in Hollywood

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy • In 1954 Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, surrounded by his own newspaper headlines, adorns the cover of Time magazine. His downfall came later that year, during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings. McCarthy’s wild accusations and abusive treatment of witnesses disgusted millions of viewers. © 1954 Time Inc

Dissenting writers & teachers lose jobs • Growing hysteria weakens labor unions • McCarthy (most successful red-baiter) uses guilt by association, lies, & manipulate media • McCarthy = demagogue (exploit domestic fears of Cold War, esp. fear of nuclear war) • Nixon & HUAC lead efforts against Hiss • Internal Security Act (1950) weakens CPUSA

Joseph McCarthy

Waning of the Red Scare • 1954 Communist Control Act bans CPUSA • Ike expands dismissal of alleged security risks; refuses to curtail McCarthy • McCarthy goes too far when he accuses Army of communism on TV (1954) • Senate censors him • McCarthyism claimed many innocent victims • Prevented free discussion of ideas/dissent • Fear helped maintain Cold War consensus

Grand Alliance of World War Two, Time Magazine The wartime Grand Alliance of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was never without tension, but it succeeded in producing a victory over the Axis powers. This cover of Time magazine from May 14, 1945, celebrates the defeat of Nazi Germany. It was a high point in Soviet-American relations, but it would not last. Time Life Pictures/Time Life Picture Collection/Getty Images

The Cold War & US Globalism, 1945–61 Bipolar contest between USA and USSR over spheres of influence/world power Each accuse other of seeking world domination US leaders intervene to “contain” communism throughout globe Interpret Third World conflicts (Vietnam, Korea) through lens of Cold War Discredit critics of containment US actions generate anger abroad at USA

From Allies to Adversaries WWII’s destruction destabilize Eurasia Power vacuums (Germany, Japan) Civil wars (Greece, China) Decolonization USA & USSR have different ideologies Also different economic/strategic needs

Stalin’s Aims • Security is top priority—fears invasion • Revival of Germany & Japan • Expand communism • Warm-water ports • Seeks control over areas the USSR has at war’s end, i.e Eastern Europe • Soviet economy in ruins

US Economic & Strategic Needs • USA is strongest post-WWII power • Fear potential threats, esp. if USSR expand to dominate Eurasia • To stop surprise air attacks, need foreign bases • Want to rebuild Germany & Japan • Assume US economy needs global free trade • Use World Bank & IMF to rebuild world economy

Stalin & Truman (HST) • Stalin: brutal dictator, but fears war w/ USA • Suspicious of foreigners & capitalists • HST also accepts “them” v. “us” worldview • Wants simple answers to complex issues • Tendency to exaggerate; relishes toughness • At first meeting with top USSR official, HST “gave it to him straight … to the jaw” • Stalin/Truman relationship sets tone for US-USSR future relations

Tensions over Eastern Europe • USSR allows elections in Hungary & Czech. (‘45–46) • As Cold War progresses, USSR clamps down in Poland & Romania, as USA rebuilds Germany • USSR protests double standard (USA control Latin America but deny E. Europe to USSR) • USSR accuse USA of atomic diplomacy • HST seeks to keep atomic monopoly • arms race develops

Accelerating Cold War • US rejects loan to USSR; two disagree at UN • HST encourages Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech (1946) • block USSR expansion • HST fires critics (Wallace, 1946) • In 1947, HST decides to aid British client government in Greece • Proclaims Truman Doctrine with alarmist rhetoric on threat • ‘domino theory’

Truman Doctrine • HST announces USA will act globally to prevent spread of communism • Critics note USSR not active in Greek civil war • HST wins aid to Greece & Turkey • Debate whether Cold War inevitable • Some conflict a given • pre-WWII tension • different ideologies & needs • Both sides escalate conflict

Containment in Action • Kennan coins term “containment” • Global counter-force to undermine USSR • Argue Soviets are fanatics • Temporary understanding with USSR impossible • Critics (Lippmann) dispute idea of communist monolith threatening world domination • Fear US over-extension

Global Containment and Europe (1947–49) • USA build economic/defensive network to protect US interests & advance US power • Marshall Plan helps rebuild W. Europe • Prevent depression/spread of communism • Give $12.4 billion in credits for US goods • Spur economic growth, but cause inflation • National Security Act (1947) creates Secretary/Dept. of Defense, NSC, CIA

American Communities Supply the Marshall Plan Under official postwar relief and recovery programs, including the Marshall Plan, the United States shipped billions of dollars’ worth of food and equipment to western European nations struggling to overcome the destruction of the Second World War. Private efforts, such as this one in 1950, also succeeded. The people of Jersey City, New Jersey, sent this snowplow to the mountainous village of Capracotta, Italy. Corbis-Bettmann

Berlin Blockage (‘48–49) • USSR response to Marshall Plan is repression • Each side see threats in acts by other side • USA, England, & France agree to form West Germany/West Berlin as ally in ‘48 • USSR responds with blockage • HST defeats it with airlift • USSR forms East Germany in 1949

Berlin Airlift

Post WWII Germany • After WWII, the Allies each exerted influence over Germany, with joint occupation of the city of Berlin in the Soviet section. After the Berlin Blockade, the Soviet-controlled area broke away to form East Germany, leaving West Berlin isolated from the rest of Germany. In 1961, the Berlin Wall was constructed.

NATO & Twin Shocks • USA signs military alliance with West Europe • North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO), 1948 • Deter Soviet invasion & tie W. Europe to USA • Europe split in 2 • Warsaw Pact formed (1955) as Soviet response to NATO • Soviet A-bomb & Mao’s victory in China (1949) shock US officials • Republicans increase criticism of HST • HST responds (1950) with H-bomb & massive military buildup (NSC-68)

The Soviet Union Tests an Atomic Bomb; Richard Edes Harrison, Time Magazine Richard Edes Harrison’s illustration of the Soviet Union’s detonation of an atomic bomb appeared in the October 1949 issue of Life magazine. A leading journalist-cartographer of the midtwentieth century, Harrison was known for incorporating a global perspective in his work. Here he uses a single cloud of smoke to suggest the potentially far-reaching effects of an isolated bomb explosion. Library of Congress

Cold War under Eisenhower (Ike) • Opposes communism abroad • “Liberation” ideology • At home, guts State Department • Pursues doctrine of “Massive retaliation” • Threaten to use nuclear weapons on USSR if any aggression • “New Look” stresses air power & nuclear weapons as cost-effective containment • “Brinkmanship” = go to brink of war • “Domino theory” = USA has to support allies

President Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles President Eisenhower left confers with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles 1888–1959, known for his strong anticommunism and his often self-righteous, lecturing style. Dulles once remarked that the United States “is almost the only country strong enough and powerful enough to be moral.” © Bettmann/Corbis

CIA; Nuclear Build-up • Ike increases use of CIA for containment • Covert operations with plausible deniability • USA gains H-bomb in 1952 • USSR get H-bomb in 1953, then ICBM in 1957 • USA still way ahead in nuclear weapons (USA have 5543 to USSR’s 650 in 1957) • Ike increases # of B-52s, put missiles in Europe & on US subs • PRC develops A-bomb in ’64

U-2 Incident • US conducted fly-over spy missions in USSR with U-2 • May 1960, U-2 crashed 1200 miles inside USSR • Soviets claim shot down; captured pilot Francis Gary Powers and photos • Khrushchev demanded apology • Incident destroys Paris Summit

U-2 spy plane (above); Nikita Khruschev, (right); Kelly Johnson and pilot Francis Gary Powers (below)

Week 12 Chapter 28 The Cold War & American Globalism 1945-1960