Riddle:

2. What animal has four legs when they are babies, two legs when they become more mature, and three legs when they are old?? Riddle:

3. Questions: • Around what age, babies can crawl? • Around what age, babies can walk? • Around what age, babies can speak? • Around what age, children might always be confused about “b/d” “q/p” or “6/9”? • Around what age, children always say “no” to you and show resistance to great extent?

6. Let's have fun!

7. What else also functions or affects an individual’s life through different periods? • Ethnicity ●Gender ●SES ●Religion

8. Chapter 8 AGE §childhood §adolescence §adulthood §the aged

9. CRITICAL ISSUES IN CHILDHOOD • Social class and poverty • Immigrant children • Children, ethnic awareness and prejudice • Children abuse

10. Social Class and Poverty: ＊single parent family (single mom) ① no adequate male role model ②the entire burden of discipline and financial support ③ not sufficient care from single parent ＊peer pressure ＊psychological problems ＊suffering from adequate housing, nutrition and medical care

11. Question Around what age, children begin to understand what’s meant by rich and poor?

12. 2. Immigrant children As an immigrant student , you would feel … Awkward Confused Ashamed Inadequate Uncomfortable Inferior shocked

17. 3.Children , Ethnic Awareness and Prejudice • Despite the overall improvement in race relations and lower level of prejudice among parents, the level of prejudice among young children ages 4 to 7 hasn’t declined in the last 40 years and continues to remain high.

18. Young children’s ethnic awareness and prejudice at different ages: ＃Age 3: are able to identify with others of the same color or racial groups, they may develop an awareness of people who are different from themselves. ＃Age 4-5: about 75% children are able to correctly identify ethnic groupings. By ages 6 and 7, children are able to identify at close to 100% accuracy. ＃Age 5: develop high levels of prejudice toward other racial groups. Those children hold biased attitudes towards other groups are simply reflecting their parents’ attitudes. ＃Age 6-7: More prejudiced than their parents, do not adopt the open and unbiased attitudes of parents.

21. 4. Child Abuse ☆neglect (53.6%) ☆physically abused (22.7%) ☆sexually abused (25.3%) ☆others (chronically emotional abuse)

22. The incidence rates of children abuse varies from one ethnic/racial group to another: • White children • Asia/Pacific islanders • American Indians/Alaska natives • African American • Latinos • Africa American (20.7%) • American Indians /Alaska natives (19.8% ) •  Latinos (10.6%) •  White children (8.5%) • Asia/Pacific islanders • (3.8%)

23. Who is the dominant perpetrator? Answer: Mothers

27. Critical Issues In Adolescence

28. I. Relationship with Parents II. At-Risk Youth and High-Risk Behavior III. The Young African American Male: An Endangered Species

29. The attitude of the parents may contribute to the alienation! The Adolescents Parents • Be viewed more objectively • Shift emotional ties from the family to peers • Become more concerned about peer influence • Seek independence • Become one of dissonance and alienation from parents and other members of the family • Have less interaction with their child

30. I. Relationship with Parents II. At-Risk Youth and High-Risk Behavior III. The Young African American Male: An Endangered Species

31. At-risk youth are due to: • poverty • discrimination • family instability • genetic/constitutional factors • parental neglect or abuse High-risk behaviors include: • use of harmful substances • sexual behaviors • adolescent suicide • youth violence • street gangs

32. Sexual Behaviors Substance Abuse Street Gangs Adolescent Suicide Youth Violence

33. Substance Abuse Weekly Use: A study conducted in 1997 showed: The number of 9-12 year olds experimenting with marijuana had increased from 334,000 in 1993 to in 1997 . 571,000

34. The serious consequences of substances use: • causing 15-24.75% of motor vehicle accidents • increasing the incidence of rapes and sexual assaults • becoming increasingly more intoxicated with repeated use. • high risk for spreading AIDS

35. Sexual Behaviors Substance Abuse Street Gangs Adolescent Suicide Youth Violence

36. By the age of 17

37. ! The birth rate for African American , ages 15-19 was nearly times that of whites. four Great Risks Children • Low birth weight • Serious disability • Child abuse • Emotional and educational problems Adolescent mothers • Medical problems • Marital instability • Welfare dependency • Low educational and occupational attainment

38. Sexual Behaviors Substance Abuse Street Gangs Adolescent Suicide Youth Violence

39. Adolescent Suicide Phenomenon Since 1950, adolescent suicides have increased 300%. 1 children and adolescents every 80 minutes 18 every day 5,000 to 6,500 each year The largest group of people who attempt or commit suicide are 15-19 years old.

40. Reasons Family tension and conflict Alienation in the family Competitiveness in school Frustrations of life

41. The ratio of suicides attempted to suicides completed: 125 to 1 among adolescents 10 to 1 in the 25 to 64 age group 2 to 1 in the 65 and older group

42. Sexual Behaviors Substance Abuse Street Gangs Adolescent Suicide Youth Violence

43. Violent behavior is often the function of depression. The decline in the nuclear family is a contributing variable to the roots of violence. black > white urban suburb > poor affluent >

44. Media violence affects children in the following ways: • Increasing aggressiveness and antisocial behavior • Increasing the fear of becoming a victim • Making them less sensitive to violence and victims of violence • Increasing their appetite for more violence in entertainment and real life

45. A number of factors influence youth violence. • Easy access to handguns • Early involvement with drugs • Involvement with gangs or other antisocial groups • Exposure to violent acts in the media • Weak parenting • Absence of a father or significant male role model • Lack of connectedness • Dysfunctional family life

46. Sexual Behaviors Substance Abuse Street Gangs Adolescent Suicide Youth Violence

47. African American Bloods Crips Latino gangs Street gangs Jamaican posses Black gangs Asian gangs

48. Gang members can be identified by their: • Clothing •   Tattoos • Graffiti • Communication

50. Tattoos: Latino gang members often have tattoos. African American members usually don’t have.