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Mike Riddle

Cloning Stem Cells and Life. Mike Riddle. Topics. PART 1: Cloning - the results PART 2: Stem cells: what are they? PART 3: The sanctity of human life – when does it begin?. What Is Cloning?. A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’

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Mike Riddle

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  1. Cloning Stem Cells and Life Mike Riddle

  2. Topics • PART 1: Cloning - the results • PART 2: Stem cells: what are they? • PART 3: The sanctity of human life – when does it begin?

  3. What Is Cloning? • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’ • Similar to an identical twin

  4. Hello Dolly She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland

  5. Cloning and the Cell Its all about DNA

  6. Cloning Depends on DNA Nucleus Chromosome

  7. Chromosomes 16 56 24

  8. Chromosomes 78 40 46

  9. The Making of Dolly DNA Empty DNA Step 1: Take the Nucleus (DNA) out of a sheep egg Step 2: Transfer the Nucleus from a sheep cell to a sheep egg Sheep Egg Sheep Cell

  10. Good-Bye Dolly It’s all about DNA • At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging • Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age) • Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY?

  11. Telomeres Gene 1 Gene 2 DNA Telomeres Chromosome

  12. Telomere Length Illustration 8,000 3,000 1,500 0 35 65 Age (years) Telomere length in base pairs

  13. More on Dolly and Cloning Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed. How many failures will it take to produce a human Question ?

  14. Other Cloned Animals July 1998 cloned calves Cloned mouse Cloned mule

  15. Other Cloned Animals Mother Rainbow December 2001 Five cloned female piglets, named Noel, Angel, Star, Joy and Mary December 2001 The world's first cloned kitten, named “CC”

  16. Zeeba-roo Future Experiments

  17. Tiger Bunny

  18. The Bird-fish

  19. CatCow

  20. SparrowBoxer

  21. TigerOwl

  22. ButterCat

  23. Catrilla

  24. Rudolph Jaenisch (Stem Cell expert, MIT), Interview with Christopher Scott (executive director of Stem Cell Society, Stanford U. Center for Biomedical Ethics), July 2004. “You cannot get normal adult animals from clones – it is not a technical problem, it is a genetic problem.”

  25. The Risks of Cloning • High failure rate: over 95% • Problems during later development • Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS) - larger organs • Kidney or brain malformations and impaired immune systems • Abnormal gene expression patterns • Telomere differences

  26. Cloning, Life, and Evolution • Cloning is NOT evolution. Cloning requires intelligent engineering and nothing new is created. • Darwin convinced many that humans are a non-special species.

  27. Two Types of Cloning Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic Cloning Question Is either type of cloning good?

  28. The Goals of Cloning • The goal of reproductive cloning is to produce a baby • The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce stem cells for research or treatment What are stem cells?

  29. Stem Cells Embryonic stem cells (ESC) Adult stem cells (ASC) Stem cells are the body’s master cells • The ability to self-regenerate • The ability to differentiate into other cells Two Types of Stem Cells

  30. Human Embryo Development 2-cell embryo 4-cell embryo 8-cell embryo Day 5 Blastocyst ICM: Source of embryonic stem cells Each individual begins as a single cell

  31. ICM: Source of Embryonic Stem Cells Blastocyst Self-Renewal Make copies of themselves Pluripotent ESCs can give rise to cells from all three germ layers Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm (Adult Stem Cells)

  32. Differentiation Cell Cell cell cell Cell Cell cell cell Cell Cell cell cell cell cell ESC ASC Any cell type

  33. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) • Capable of differentiating into any of 200 cell types in the human body • The stem cells, or early embryo, are disrupted from natural development through chemical manipulation to become specific tissue types • Expectation is they will be used to treat unhealthy or diseased tissue

  34. Adult Stem Cells • An alternative source (does not involve the destruction of human embryos) • Can use your own cells – do not need a donor • Many clinical advantages over ESCs • No tissue rejection • Found many places in the body

  35. Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells Bone marrow Umbilical cord Blood Blood vessels Skeletal muscle Skin Heart Brain Cornea Retina Fat Dental pulp Intestines Hair follicles Where are they found?

  36. Adult Stem Cells Currently used to treat over 80 diseases Leukemia Breast Cancer Liver Disease Cornea Restoration Brain Tumors Arthritis Heart Disease Ovarian Cancer Multiple Myeloma Systematic Lupus Crohn’s Disease Acute Heart Damage Spinal Cord Injury Sickle Cell Anemia

  37. The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Apr 14, 2005 “Blood from umbilical cords – a byproduct of normal childbirth – is a good source of potentially life-saving stem cells. Transplants of these stem cells have saved the lives of roughly 20,000 Americans with leukemia, lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, and several other illnesses in recent years.”

  38. Cornea “By removing a small sample of these cells [limbar stem cells] it was possible to culture a new cornea and graft it on to the damaged eye. The team showed that of 240 patients who were operated on in this way, the cornea regenerated successfully in 70% of cases.”

  39. Restoring Eyesight “Six blind patients have had their eye-sight restored after undergoing pioneering stem cell transplants…. Using stem cells from tissue donors, surgeons grew the cells in the laboratory before transplanting them onto the patients’ eyes.” Richard Gray, Science Correspondent June, 2008

  40. Breakthrough in Non-Embryonic Stem Cell Research October 31, 2006 Researchers in Great Britain achieved a medical breakthrough by growing a tiny human liver using adult stem cells.

  41. The 16th annual Biotech conference, “Regenerative Medicine – The Driving Force for Dr. Anthony Atala,” May 14, 2007

  42. In 1999, scientists transplanted the first laboratory-grown bladders into patients with poor bladder function due to birth defects. The bladders were grown using the patients’ own stem cells.

  43. Cerebral Palsy “China stem cell hopes for cerebral palsy girl”, May 15, 2007, www.telegraph.co.uk “A hospital in China has made a breakthrough in treating cerebral palsy. The procedure involves injecting stem cells into the spinal cord fluid. The stem cells then flow directly into the brain. Continued

  44. The treatment at a Neurosurgical Hospital in Beijing has already helped a 19-year-old from Hungary to walk, sit up, swim, concentrate for longer, see better and speak. The two-month treatment in China uses stem cells taken from the umbilical cords [Adult Stem Cells] of healthy babies. These develop into new nerve cells and repair some of the brain damage.”

  45. Diabetes Daniel Martin “Stem cells could spell end for diabetes jabs,” www.dailymail.co.uk, 15 April 2007. “Scientists revealed findings of a study which shows that 15 young patients with type one diabetes overcame their dependence on insulin after being treated with their own stem cells.”

  46. Heart Tissue Regeneration Stem Cell Therapy Breakthrough for Heart Patients, Sep 18, 2007 Cardiologists at Düsseldorf University Hospital use stem cell therapy to save a patient who suffered from a severe heart attack. Continued

  47. The therapy involved extracting adult stem cells from the patient's bone marrow and then inserting them. The procedure took about a half hour. The results were immediate, with his heart increasing to 41 percent efficiency from 11 percent before the procedure.

  48. Liver Cancer Scientists at the University of Düsseldorf have successfully taken bone marrow stem cells from liver cancer patients and used them to regrow liver cells in their patients. Two years after the procedure, six of the eight patients have healthy livers. Celia Hall, Medical Editor “Stem cell treatment saves liver cancer patients” The Telegraph March 27, 2007

  49. Washington, DC - March 24, 2008 Stem Cell Implant to the Brain Helps Improve Parkinson's Symptoms “All of the patients with Parkinson's disease who were treated by implantation of stem cells [bone marrow] into the brain have achieved substantial improvement in terms of beneficial changes that were apparent within 1 week of the implant procedure.”

  50. Embryonic Stem Cells: Three Primary Problems • The potential for tissue rejection in the cells • The propensity to form tumors • Abortion

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