Kidney Kid's Adventures in Body Health

1. The Adventures of Kidney Kid…

2. It is a very hot day and your body hasn’t had a single sip of water yet. Your body feels really thirsty and is really dehydrated. If you think the water concentration in your blood is:-above normal go to slide 7-below normal go to slide 3

3. The water concentration in your blood is below normal. This increases osmotic pressure. Your neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus detects this increase. A signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary where ADH is stored. Do you - release ADH into the bloodstream slide 15 - stop or reduce ADH secretion slide 6Antidiuretic is any chemical that prevents excessive urine production. ADH is antidiuretic hormone, the primary hormone responsible for the formation of urine.

4. This will temporarily lower your blood pressure. Do you- inhibit renin slide 13 - secrete renin slide 10

5. WRONG! If you want to pee you need to decrease ADH! FAILURE to decrease ADH hormone leads to dangerous water retention leading to neurological damage!!! Go back to slide 16 please!

6. WRONG! Failure to produce the ADH hormone leads to excessive urination! Second chance…Slide to 20 if you produce ADH in the kidney.Slide to 14 if the hypothalamus produces ADH

7. WRONG! If you have no water… obviously the water concentration in your blood is not going to be higher than normal.Go back!

8. You can add bicarbonate to blood plasma through tubular cells. Duct cells secrete more hydrogen and absorb more bicarbonate. With the presence of more bicarbonate, acid levels go down! Acid loss = Acid gainit is now balanced, that’s a good thing.After exercising you want to grab a bite… head to slide 23

9. Let’s just say that deep fried twinkie increases your blood pressure! Do you- inhibit renin secretion slide 31 - promote renin secretion slide 32

10. By secreting renin, the blood volume regulating hormone aldosterone stimulates… affecting the rate of sodium ion reabsoprtion which in turn affects the rate of water reabsorption. Water reabsorption is increased therefore higher blood pressure!YAY!Lesson of the day: no fried twinkies! So you have a few glasses of water… go to slide 16

11. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (located in the renal cortex) secretes an enzyme called Renin. Renin helps stimulate the secretion of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases sodium ion reabsorption from your kidney tubules and causing an increase in the volume of water that is reabsorbed from the tubule.Increased aldosterone  increased water reabsorption  higher blood pressure Kidney Kid, would you like your body to: - do some aerobic exercises for an hour slide 4- eat that deep fried twinkie slide 9

12. It’s perfectly normal if you want to hyperventilate just for fun… but hyperventilation causes a loss of carbon dioxide from our body which makes the blood more alkaline. This means you get alkalosis (not enough acid is being produced).Your blood pH is now greater than 7.4, as the kidney you you need to respond!To slide 19 if you add bicarbonate to blood plasma To slide 24 if you get rid of bicarbonate

13. By inhibiting renin… it decreases aldosterone which decreases water reabsorption, lowering blood pressure!! That’s NOT good!! If your body’s blood pressure is too low (hypotension) it can cause kidney disorders, dizziness and fainting, and even brain malfunctions! Go to slide 10

14. Right…ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the salt-to-water ratio in the blood. Head to the next slide (15)

15. You want to release ADH into the bloodstream in order to prevent excessive urine production. This causes you (the kidney) to remove water from fluid that will become urine and return it to the bloodstream! By doing so, urine volume decreases and your body conserves water.Slide on to slide 11!

16. Your blood now contains a higher than normal water concentration. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the change…- secrete more ADH!! Slide 5- no please stop the ADH!! Slide 18

17. As a responsible kidney, you must maintain the acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma.Normal blood has a pH of 7.4 When ACID LOSS EXCEEDS ACID GAIN we get alkalosis When ACID GAIN EXCEEDS ACID LOSS we get acidosisHead to slide 12 if your body wants to hyperventilate for fun.Head to slide 22 if you want to lift some weights.

18. As kidney kid you have chosen to reduce or stop ADH secretion.Since antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents urine production, by reducing this hormone, you increase urine production… you might want to go now before an accident happens! (p.s. washroom is downstairs to your left!) Slide up to 17

19. Bicarbonate is added to blood plasma through tubular cells. Duct cells secrete more hydrogen and absorb more bicarbonate.With the presence of more bicarbonate, acid levels go down, base levels go up.Now your body is even more basic than it was before hyperventilating! You’ve sent the wrong signal! You might be confused right now because that’s a symptom of alkalosis!! As well as muscle twitching, hand tremor, nausea, light-headedness, vomiting, and numbness or tingling in the face or extremities…If this gets out of hand your body can possibly go under a coma. Slide to 22 if you decide to stop hyperventilating and lift some weights.

20. WRONG again… you really need to produce that ADH right about now… ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the salt-to-water ratio in the blood. Slide to 14

21. YAY you’re finally right! Actually both options are correct! Urine production is increased and when you have your hangover thirst is a symptom.Go to slide 33

22. When you exercise, your body excretes lactic acid. This causes the pH of your blood to be slightly lower than 7.4, this means that too much acid is being produced. To slide 8 if you add bicarbonate to blood plasma To slide 25 if you get rid of bicarbonate

23. Your body eats too many chicken wings, there is a lot of excess protein. The excess amino acids need to be discarded by the body. Through the removal process deamination, the byproduct of ammonia is produced. Ammonia is extremely toxic and is excreted by the kidneys. Urea is two molecules of ammonia combined with carbon dioxide (urea). This is excreted by the kidney. Uric acid formed by the breakdown of nucleic acids and is excreted by the kidney. Wastes are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and conducted to the urinary bladder by ureters. To slide 27

24. Yes! You can get rid of bicarbonate by excrete it through urine! Now with the bicarbonate gone, acid levels go up! Acid loss = Acid gainit is now balanced. You have done well kidney!Ok let’s exercise anyways to slide 22

25. If you get rid of bicarbonate, acid levels will go up even more… that means your pH levels will be even lower! That’s bad…Symptoms of acidosis: shortness of breath, easy fatigue, chronic cough, or wheezing. If it gets too bad you can experience shock.Go to slide 8 so you can add bicarbonate to blood plasma!

26. Correct! Well… you can’t be wrong because both choices were right. Your urine production is increased and when you have your hangover thirst is a symptom.Go to slide 33

27. Even though you had excess protein, you want to keep some of the useful materials. Glucose, amino acids, etc. stuff you want to keep is contained in the filtrate and are absorbed until the threshold level of the given material is reached. It’s basically the maximum amount of material that can be moved across the nephron back into the blood. When this threshold is reached, the remaining material is removed as waste. Filtration > Reabsorption > SecretionGo to the next slide (28) to filter!

28. Filtration in the Bowman’s capsule:Most of the simple substances dissolved in the plasma are forced out of the blood, passing into the capillaries of the glomerulus. Substances like glucose, amino acids, urea, salts (vitamins, hormones are likely to be dissolved in this liquid (glomerular filtrate)Now selective reabsorption to next slide.

29. Reabsorption is in the first convoluted tubule. Only useful substances are passed through the wall of the nephron, back into the blood. Depending on your body’s requirements, different amounts of some substances will be reabsorbed.This leaves unwanted substances to run on through the tubule and then as urine.Good job! Your body celebrates by having some alcohol.Go to next slide

30. If alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH because it is a diuretic… does this mean that - urine production is increased (slide 21)- you become really thirsty (slide 26)

31. By inhibiting renin secretion, Decreased aldosterone  decreased water reabsorption  lower blood pressure!Since your body is feeling fat after that twinkie, slide 4 is where the gym’s at!

32. By secreting more renin, aldosterone Is also stimulated this increases reabsorption of sodium ions, increases water reabsorption from tubules, increasing blood volume… increasing blood pressure even more!High blood pressure can damage you Kidney Kid! You must inhibit renin, do that by going to slide 31

33. GAME OVER