History of Oceanography

1. History of Oceanography

2. What is Oceanography? Oceanography is the study of the ocean. • Geological Oceanography • Physical Oceanography • Chemical Oceanography • Biological Oceanography

3. Geological Oceanography • Study of the earth at edge of ocean. • Formation process (seafloor). • Sediments • Rocks and Minerals • Geothermal Vents

4. Physical Oceanography • How and why oceans move. • Weather • Heat transfer • Heat cycles • Waves, tides, currents • Temperature

5. Chemical Oceanography • Composition and history of seawater • Seawater processes and interactions • Salinity • Dissolved gases • Nutrients

6. Biological Oceanography • Living organisms • Organisms relationships with each other and their environment.

7. Contribution of the Ancients • Phoenicians 2000BC Navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa. • Greeks 450BC Created maps of Mediterranean Sea and developed the system of latitude and longitude. Eratosthenes – predicted the circumference of the earth was 42,000 KM. Real distance is 40,032 KM • Romans Studied and noted the phenomenon of erosion. Researched and documented the water cycle.

8. Middle Ages • Fall of the Roman Empire Were extremely superstitious and had a fear of intellectual inquiry. Europe lost most of its detailed understanding of geography. • Arabs Explored the Indian Ocean. Expanded trade routes. Trade routes to China Map of Europe 600 AD Map of Arab League States in dark green.

9. Middle Ages Continued • Vikings They were warriors and traders of the north (Norsemen). Went on expeditions to explore America, Iceland, and Greenland. Leif Erickson – Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus • China Trade routes to Persian Gulf. In 1405, Chinese sent 62 ships to explore the Indian and Pacific Oceans • Europe Tide tables. Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus

10. Discoveries • Columbus Attempts to reach East Indies by sailing west because Eastern routes were blocked. He crossed the Atlantic and “found” the Americas… • Balboa Settles the first European Colony in Panama. He crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513. He became the first European to lead an expedition known to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

11. Columbus: Hero or ? “Gold is most excellent; gold constitutes treasure; and he who has it does all he wants in the world, and can even lift souls up to Paradise.” – Christopher Columbus, 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain.

12. Age of Exploration 1480-1610

13. Discoveries Continued • Magellan Was credited with being the first around the world… though while on voyage, he was killed in the Philippines in 1521. However, the 18 members left of his Crew finished the voyage in 1522. The “sea” becomes a new place for empires to interact. It was the Era of trade with, and plunder of, the Aztecs and Incas for their gold and silver by the Spanish. The English and the Dutch pirates attack the Spanish fleets.

14. Discoveries Continued 4.Captain James Cook 1700’s A British navigator who discovered the Hawaiian Islands. Is considered the best cartographer and reckless navigator of his time. Applied use of latitude and longitude. 5. Ben Franklin 1777Charted maps of the gulf stream. 6. Charles Darwin 1800’s Sailed to the Galapagos Islands to study the Biology of the Sea and in the process developed his Theory of Natural Selection. Charles Darwin

15. Cook’s Voyages

16. Ben Franklin’s Gulf Stream Map

17. Ben Franklin’s Map? • Benjamin Franklin made his map because he wanted to speed the mail across the Atlantic. • He was the first Postmaster General in the U.S. • “You may delay but time will not.” • Benjamin Franklin

18. Discoveries Continued Forbes 7. Edward Forbes -1800’s Predicted different types of plant and animal life at different depths of the ocean. Introduced the idea of dredging. 8. Challenger Expedition England’s Royal Society obtained the use of HMS Challenger to study sea floor characteristics, chemical composition of sea water, and life at all levels. 9. Fridtjof Nansen- 1890’s Proved polar ice flowed. Entered ice by Alaska, exited by Greenland three years and over 1000 miles later. Determinedthat the North Pole is landless Nansen

19. Challenger Expedition

20. Oceanography in the Twentieth Century • Support by wealthy individuals • Scripps Institution of Oceanography • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution • Rapid advances during World War II • Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding • International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation • Satellites • Deep Sea Drilling Program • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

21. JOIDES Resolution (1985 to present)Ocean Drilling Program drill ship

22. Offshore Drilling Platform

23. MBARI Scripps Moss Landing San Diego

24. Jacques Cousteau(1910-1997)invented SCUBA during World War II If we go on the way we have, the fault is our greed... if we are not willing [to change], we will disappear from the face of the globe, to be replaced by the insect.~ Jacques Cousteau

25. Jacques Cousteau(1910-1997)Most famous oceanographer of the 20th century • If we go on the way we have, the fault is our greed... if we are not willing [to change], we will disappear from the face of the globe, to be replaced by the insect.~ Jacques Cousteau

27. Summary • Oceanography, a multidisciplinary field • Geology, geophysics, chemistry, physics, meteorology, biology • Early explorers and traders • National and commercial interests • Beginning of ocean science (19th century) • 20th century • Role of private institutions • Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation