Welfare of Working Animals 役用動物的動物福利

Module 21 模組21 Welfare of Working Animals 役用動物的動物福利

This module will enable you to本模組將使您能夠 • Identify different species of working animals and their working conditions闡明不同的役用動物物種和他們的工作狀況 • Identify problems affecting welfare闡明影響福利的問題 • Suggest short-term and long-term improvements and alternatives建議短期和長期的改進措施和替代方案 • Understand the benefits of increased working animal welfare, to the owner and environment暸解動物福利工作的增加對飼主和環境的好處

Introduction簡介 • At least 400 million draught animals大約4億頭役用動物 • Used by at least 2 billion people in about 30 countries分佈在大約30個國家供給20億人使用 • Saving at least 20 billion tons of petrol節省200億公噸的汽油 • Purpose of working animals役用動物的用途 • Agriculture農業 • Hauling carts拖曳動物運貨車 • Power to devices為設備提供動力 • Carrying loads on back在背上裝載運送貨物 • Herding, guarding, hunting放牧，守衛，狩獵

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Ruminants反芻動物 • Water buffalo水牛 • Cattle牛 • Mithan/Gayal米山牛/大額牛 • Bali cattle巴里島牛 • Yak犛牛

Water buffalo水牛 • Main purposes 主要目的 • Milk, meat牛奶，肉 • Work勞動 • Humid tropics潮濕的熱帶 • Access to water necessary接近生活所必需的水源 • Long hooves are well suited for work in wet conditions長的蹄很適合在潮濕的條件下工作 • Slow animal行動緩慢的動物

Cattle牛 • Non-humped: Temperate regions 無瘤的:溫帶地區 • Humped/Zebu: Warm climate 有瘤的/犛牛:溫暖的氣候 • Multipurpose animals-- high nutritional demands多種用途的動物，因而在營養上有較高的需求 • Common use of oxen牛隻的一般使用 • Lameness跛 • Sores from wooden yokes木製牛軛造成的疼痛

Yak犛牛 • Used for milk, hair, riding and as pack animal in high mountain regions of Asia • 在亞洲的高山地區用於供應牛奶、毛，騎乘和當馱獸 • Steep terrain 陡峭的地形 • Coldness – long hair寒冷- 長毛髮 • Crossed with cattle for lower regions與牛橫渡到更低的地區

Camelidae 1駱駝科 1 • Camels駱駝 • One-humped dromedary單峰駱駝 • Two-humped bactrian 雙峰駱駝 • Extreme temperatures極端溫度 • Cutaneous pads皮膚肉墊 • Hump駝峰 • Physiology生理學 • Llamas美洲駝 • Pack animals馱運貨物的動物

Camelidae 2駱駝科 2 Used for用途 • Transport of goods and people運輸貨物和人 • Draught拉車 • Milk, meat, hides, hair牛奶，肉，皮革，毛髮 Welfare problems福利問題 • Harness and saddle wounds挽具和馬鞍造成的創傷 • Nose injuries鼻子傷害

Horses馬 • Open grassland • 開放的牧場 • Social species • 社會性的物種 • Flight instinct • 逃跑的本能 • Problems:問題 • Lameness跛 • Sores from harnesses, saddles • 來自挽具的疼痛，馬鞍

Donkeys & Mules (donkey x horse)驢和騾( 驢x馬)

Elephant大象 • Trained wild animals • 訓練野生的動物 • Breeding繁殖 • Training訓練 • Ceremonial / tourist / timber logging禮儀/旅遊/木材砍伐 • Problems問題 • Skin皮膚 • Feet腳 • Nutrition/teeth營養/牙齒

Dogs狗 • Herding放牧 • Guarding守衛 • Hunting狩獵 • Draught拉曳 • Other: Guide, police, rescue其他：嚮導，守衛，援救

Husbandry assessment飼養業評估 Broad range of species, climate, traditions and resources廣泛的物種，氣候，傳統常規和資源

Good husbandry practices 1良好的飼育實施方法 1 • Social behaviour社會行為 • Keeping of social animals in groups成群社會動物的保存 • Ensure adequate mother-offspring contact保證足夠的母親子女間的接觸 • Locomotory behaviour移動的行為 • Limited tethering有限的拴繩 • Housing in pens, paddocks居住在圍欄小牧場

Good husbandry practices 2良好的飼育實施方法 2 • Comfort behaviour舒適的行為 • Provide wallows – elephants, buffaloes提供打滾的地方─大象，水牛 • Allow grooming behaviour允許理毛行為 • Groom animals照料動物

Good husbandry practices 3良好的飼育實施方法 3 • Feeding behaviour飼養行為 • Adequate quality and quantity of food and water食物和水有足夠的質量和數量 • Adequate access to food (trough length, no bullying)足夠的靠近食物(飼料槽的長度，沒有恃強欺弱的行為) • Resting behaviour休息行為 • Shade, shelter陰涼處，遮蔽處 • Soft lying area柔軟的橫臥地區 • Adequate space足夠的空間

Problems when working工作時的問題 • Overworking / insufficient rest工作過度/不足的休息 • Overloading / inadequate loading technique超載/不適當的裝貨技術 • Inadequate equipment (cart, harness)不適當的裝備〈馬車，挽具〉 • Inhumane handling無人情味的管理 • Working whilst in poor health, too young健康不佳的情況下工作，太年輕 • Road accidents交通事故 • Seasonality of work工作的季節性 • Lack of health care缺乏保健

How to assess problems如何評估問題 • Questioning the owner詢問飼主 • Assessment of harness and cart 挽具和馬車的評估 • Assessment of the animal動物的評估

Harness挽具 Saddle馬鞍 • Ideal attachment • Four-wheeled and two-wheeled vehicles 四輪和兩輪的運載工具 • Swingle tree馬車前端繫拖曳繩之橫木 • Wheels slightly forward, weight further back車輪移稍微向前一點，載重則在往後移一些 Collar馬軛 Breeches 馬褲

Animal-based parameters動物的參數 • Behaviour e.g.行為的參數，例如： • Dragging of feet, staggered walking拖著腳走，難以相信的步行 • Dull behaviour遲鈍的行為 • Increased avoidance distance to humans增加能躲避人類的距離 • Pathology e.g.病理學的參數，例如： • Skin lesion score皮膚損害的傷痕 • Nasal/ocular discharge鼻/眼睛流出分泌物 • Physiology e.g.生理學的參數，例如： • Pulse rate脈搏比率 • Respiration呼吸 • Rectal temperature直腸的溫度

Health and welfare problems健康福利問題 • Lameness跛 • Body sores身體的疼痛 • Body condition身體的狀態 • Heat stress熱緊迫 • Infectious diseases傳染病 • Disposal when old / diseased當年老/害病時的處置

Lameness: Foot care跛：足部的照護 Lameness assessment 跛足的評估 • Hoof蹄 • Overgrown生長過快 • Too short太短 • Cracks裂縫 • Thrush/Canker蹄叉腐疽/潰瘍 • Arthritis/Tendonitis關節炎 • Injuries傷害4 • Farriery – shoeing給動物釘蹄鐵 1 3 2

Skin lesions皮膚損害 Saddle • Common causes 常見的原因 • Harness挽具 • Saddle馬鞍 • Tether/hobble拴繩/跛行 • Beating鞭打 • Prevention預防 • Treatment對待 Beating? Harness Tether

Tethering and hobbling繫拴和捆綁兩腳 • Health and welfare problems 健康和福利問題 • Pain痛苦 • Lesions損害 • Infections傳染 • Fractures骨折 • Restricted behaviour 受限制的行為 • Reasons for problems原因 • Material物質因素 • Location of tether/hobble拴繩/馬鞍的位置 • Lack of supervision缺乏管理

Body condition身體狀況 Assess here由此評估 • Quantity of food 食物的數量 • Quality of food 食物的品質 • Access to food 取得食物的方式 • Endoparasites 體內寄生蟲 • Teeth牙齒 • Other disease其他疾病

Heat stress熱緊迫 • Signs of heat stress熱緊迫的跡象 • Panting, laboured breathing 氣喘，吃力的呼吸 • Wide open nostrils, droopy lowered head 完全打開鼻孔，頭垂的很低 • Dull behaviour遲鈍的行為 • Higher heart rate更高的心率 • Increased body temperature增加的體溫 • Less elastic skin – ‘pinch test’皮膚彈性差─‘夾痛測試'

Heat stress熱緊迫 • Prevention預防 • No overworking in hot conditions 在熱的情況下不工作過度 • Access to water取用水的方式 • Shady resting places遮蔭休息的地方 • Treatment處理 • Pouring buckets of water over animal 在動物的上方傾倒大量的水

Infectious diseases傳染性的疾病 • Tetanus破傷風 • Rabies狂犬病 • Trypanosomiasis錐蟲病

Disposal of old/sick animals年老/生病動物的處裡 • Unable to work無法工作 • Poverty: owners hope animal might recover 貧困，因此希望它可以恢復健康 • Cultural objection to euthanasia對安樂死的道德異議 • No value沒有價值 • Indifference: left to die 冷漠:讓它自然老死 • Dealer – transport – slaughter 經銷商- 運送 - 宰殺 • Lack of alternatives?有無其他替代方案? • Lack of knowledge about alternatives 對其他的選擇缺乏足夠知識

Underlying causes of welfare problems福利問題的潛在原因 • Poverty – only source of income貧困 - 唯一的收入來源 • Lack of knowledge/awareness缺乏知識/體認 • New systems/species新的系統/物種 • Attitude態度 • Lack of responsibility缺乏責任感

Short-term solutions短期的解決方法 • Treat lesion/animal治療傷口/動物 • Trim feet修剪足部 • Rest animal讓動物休息 • Take the animal to hospital帶動物到醫院 • Make immediate improvements to equipment對裝備做立即的改善 • Make vehicles more visible讓運輸車輛更顯而易見 • Euthanasia安樂死

Long-term solutions長期的解決方法 • Owner education and attitude 飼主教育和態度 • Training of farrier 訓練蹄鐵匠 • Field-based vets and technicians 以田野為主的獸醫師及動物健康技師 • Health care programmes, e.g. deworming 福利照護計畫，例如驅蟲

Long-term solutions長期的解決方法 • Change of whole system 改變整個系統 • Improved designs, such as head tethers, new harnesses改善設計，例如頭套繩，新的挽具 • Four-wheel carts, improved carts 四輪的牛車，已改進的牛車 • Optimal adapted species / breed 最適應的種類/物種 • Education of children教育小朋友

Working animals versus mechanisation: Costs & benefits役用動物 vs. 機械化:成本與利益

Case 1: Design of a participatory extension programme in South Africa案例1: 設計一個在南非可供人們參予的延伸性計畫 • Before intervention在介入之前 • Situation analysis: rapid appraisal &/or animal-based approach應用快速的估量以及/或者以動物-為基礎的方法來分析情勢 • Cost/benefit analysis成本/利益分析 • Ranking of welfare objectives為福利目標訂定順序 • Intervention介入 • Participatory and proactive參予和活動前 • Motivational aspect specific for target group 目標族群所特有的誘導動機觀點 • After intervention介入之後 • Direct evaluation of ongoing project直接評估現行的計畫 • Review after a while過一陣子後在進行回顧

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Prevalence (%) 20 Location visited before 10 0 not visited before 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 Body condition score身體狀況評分 (BCS) Case 2: Mobile donkey clinic in west Kenya (i)案例2:肯亞西部的移動式驢子診所(i) • Health care project健康照護計畫 • Worming of all donkeys將所有驢子的驅蟲計劃 • No significant difference in body condition between donkeys that had been visited before, and those not visited before沒有發現任何顯著的身體狀況變化

80 60 40 20 % of donkeys Location visited before 0 not visited before not assessed none mild severe Foot lesions足部傷口 Case 2: Mobile donkey clinic in west Kenya (ii)案例2:肯亞西部的移動式驢子診所(i) • Owner education:飼主的教育: • Head instead of foot tether使用頭部頸栓(頭套)而不是足部頸栓(腳鏈) • Significantly fewer donkeys with severe foot lesions and more without any lesions seen at locations which were visited before在探訪過地區發生爐子足部嚴重受傷的案例顯著減少，甚至沒有發現任何驢子足部有傷口

Case 3: Ox carts in Madagascar (i)案例3: 馬達加斯加的牛車(i) • Rural transport programme農村的運輸計畫 • ‘Ban traditional ox carts – use pneumatic tyres instead’ ‘禁止傳統的牛車(牛或馬拉的運貨車)–充氣的輪胎’ • Protect roads保護道路 • Improve animal welfare改善動物福利

Case 3: Ox carts in Madagascar (ii)案例3: 馬達加斯加的牛車(ii) • Local people: Traditional carts because:當地人：傳統的牛車因為: • Cheaper, more easily available便宜，更容易取得 • Puncture-free, long lasting輪子不易被戳破，使用時限很長 • Very good braking system煞車系統非常好 • High clearance for poor roads行駛在品質不良的道路也能保持的很乾淨 • People can hear them民眾很容易能聽見它們

Summary總結 • Special needs of species物種的特殊需求 • Common problems一般性問題 • Ignorance of owners忽略飼主 • Overwork工作過量 • Malnutrition營養失調 • Parasitic disease寄生蟲疾病 • Prevention and treatment--education預防和處理--教育 • Human – animal – environment人類 –動物 –環境

Further Reading延伸閱讀 • DE ALUJA, A.S., 1998: The Welfare of Working Equids in Mexico. Applied Animal Behaviour Science59, 19-29 • KAUSHIK, S.J., 1999: Animals for work, recreation and sport. Livestock Production Science59, 145-154 • HOVELL, G.J.R., 1998: Welfare considerations when attaching animals to vehicles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science59, 11-17 • HADRILL, D., 2002: Horse Health Care. ITDG Publishing, UK • LEGEL, S., 1989: Nutztiere der Tropen und Subtropen, Hirzel, Leipzig, Germany • MCCRINDLE, C.M.E. & MOOROSI, L.E. 1999: Extension to improve the welfare of traction animals. In: STARKEY, P. AND KAUMBUTHO, P. (Eds.) Meeting the challenges of animal traction. IT Publications, UK

Further Reading延伸閱讀 • PATHEK, B.S. AND GILL, B.S., 1984: Management and utilization of cattle for work. In: Animal Energy in Agriculture in Africa and Asia, FAO Anim. Prod. Health Paper 42, Rome • RAMASWAMY, N.S., 1998: Draught Animal Welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science59, 73-84 • SHERMAN, D.M., 2002: Tending Animals in the Global village: A Guide to International Veterinary Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA

Further Reading延伸閱讀 • Draught Animal News, Edinburgh, UK, http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/ctvm/Welcome%20page/Publications/DAN/DANFP.HTM • Animal Traction Network for Eastern and South-East Asia:www.atnesa.org • World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies (TAWS): http://www.taws.org • Animal Traction websites: http://www.animaltraction.com

Welfare of Working Animals 役用動物的動物福利