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Insight into Viral Diseases Caused by Influenza and the Herpes Family

Explore the properties, symptoms, and complications of Influenza and diseases caused by the Herpes Family, including Herpes Simplex, Chickenpox & Shingles, and Infectious Mononucleosis. Learn about viral hepatitis types A, B, C, and E, their properties, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

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Insight into Viral Diseases Caused by Influenza and the Herpes Family

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  1. VI. Viral Diseases A. Influenza B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family C. Viral Hepatitis D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases

  2. VI. A. Influenza • Properties • Member of the Orthomyxovirus family • Enveloped RNA virus • Two envelope proteins • Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase • Segmented RNA • 8 segments; packaged into helical nucleocapsids • Antigenic variation & genetic exchange lead to the appearance of new strains; requires use of different vaccine combinations each year

  3. VI. A. Influenza • Symptoms & Complications of Influenza • Respiratory Tract Symptoms • Fever • Neurological Complications: • Guillain-Barré Syndrome • Reye’s Syndrome

  4. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Properties of the Herpes Virus Family • Large, enveloped DNA viruses • Icosahedral capsids • DNA replicates in the nucleus of host cells • Cells may become permanently infected • Host chromosomes may be altered • Herpes infections associated with certain cancers

  5. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Herpes Simplex • Two major strains • Type I: Oral Herpes • Type II: Genital Herpes • Skin lesions form at site of the infection • Virus travels along sensory neurons to ganglia, where it remains • During times of stress or weakened immunity, virus may travel along same neurons to re-infect the initial skin sites

  6. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Herpes Simplex (cont.) • Other complications • Herpes encephalitis • Congenital herpes • Cervical cancer • Treatment: Acyclovir

  7. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Chicken pox & Shingles • Cause: Varicella-zoster virus • Chicken pox symptoms • Shingles symptoms • Treatment • Chicken pox vaccine • Connection to Reye’s syndrome

  8. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Infectious mononucleosis • Cause: Epstein-Barr virus • Infectious mononucleosis • Lymph node swelling; fever; fatigue • Heterophile antibody production • Monospot Test • Other complications • Burkitt's Lymphoma • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome??!?

  9. VI. B. Diseases Caused by the Herpes Family • Cytomegalovirus • Mild symptoms in otherwise healthy individuals • Major complications • Miscarriages when contracted during pregnancy • Severe infections in AIDS patients • Major cause of blindness in AIDS patients

  10. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis A • Also known as: • Infectious hepatitis • Short-incubation hepatitis • Viral Properties • Picornavirus Family • Small nonenveloped RNA viruses • Family includes common cold (rhinovirus) & polio viruses

  11. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis A (cont.) • Transmission: • Virus particles are present in the stool • Fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water • Saliva contact, sexual contact, and arthropods also have been implicated

  12. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis A (cont.) • Symptoms: • Two to four week incubation period • Nausea, vomiting, fever • Abdominal pain • Jaundice in many but not all cases • Duration usually several weeks

  13. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis A (cont.) • Treatment & Prevention: • Prolonged rest • Hepatitis A Immune Globulin • Hepatitis A vaccine

  14. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis B • Also known as: • Serum hepatitis • Long-incubation hepatitis

  15. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis B (cont.) • Viral properties: • Hepadnavirus family • Nucleocapsid consists of DNA surrounded by hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) • The core is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope containing the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) • The virus has also been called the Dane particle • Large amounts of excess HBsAg are found in the serum & may be detected serologically

  16. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis B (cont.) • Transmission: • Contact with infected body fluids • Blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions (urine, saliva also implicated)

  17. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis B (cont.) • Symptoms: • Incubation period: four weeks - six months • Nausea, fever • Dark urine & clay-colored stools • Abdominal tenderness • Jaundice • Duration of symptoms: 3 - 4 months • About 10% of patients remain carriers for several months

  18. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Hepatitis B (cont.) • Treatment & prevention • Hepatitis B Immune Globulin • Hepatitis B vaccination

  19. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Non-A non-B (NANB) Hepatitis • Hepatitis C • NANB serum hepatitis • Enveloped virus of the Flavivirus family • Transmission & symptoms similar to B • Delta hepatitis • A small defective RNA virus that requires coinfection with Hepatitis B to replicate • Co-transmitted with Hepatitis B

  20. VI. C. Viral Hepatitis • Non-A non-B (NANB) Hepatitis (cont.) • Hepatitis E • NANB infectious hepatitis • A small nonenveloped RNA virus of the calcivirus family • Transmission & symptoms similar to Hepatitis A

  21. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Viral Properties • A retrovirus • An enveloped RNA virus that replicates through a DNA intermediate • The DNA intermediate is synthesized by reverse transcriptase: an enzyme that makes a DNA molecule using an RNA template • The DNA intermediate is spliced into host chromosomes, making the infection permanent

  22. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Viral Properties (cont.) • Host cells for HIV: CD4+ cells • Helper T (T-4) lymphocytes • Macrophages • Damage to the helper T cell population cripples the immune system of the host

  23. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Transmission • Contact with infected body fluids • Blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk

  24. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • What is the difference between HIV & AIDS? • HIV: the Human Immunodeficiency Virus • The cause of AIDS • Also known as: HTLV-III and LAV • Two known types: HIV-1 and HIV-2 • AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • Catastrophic immune system failure caused by HIV infection • Symptoms & cases are usually defined by the CDC case surveillance definition

  25. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • CDC Case Surveillance Definition for AIDS • Based on: • Clinical Symptoms: Categories A, B, C • Helper T-4 lymphocyte count: Categories 1, 2, 3 • Category A • Asymptomatic HIV infection • Persistent Generalized L ymphadenopathy • Acute HIV infection

  26. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • CDC Case Surveillance Definition for AIDS (cont.) • Category B • Symptomatic HIV infection with constitutive illness & certain opportunistic infections • Often an early indication that AIDS is developing • *Category C • Symptomatic HIV infection with opportunistic infections listed in the CDC surveillance case definition

  27. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • CDC Case Surveillance Definition for AIDS (cont.) • Category 1 • T-4 count greater than 400 per microliter of blood • Category 2 • T-4 count between 400 and 200 per microliter of blood • *Category 3 • T-4 count less than 200 per microliter of blood

  28. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • CDC Case Surveillance Definition for AIDS (cont.) • *These categories (C and 3) meet the CDC surveillance definition to be included among the AIDS cases • Many HIV-infected individuals show no symptoms, yet are capable of transmitting the virus

  29. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Symptoms & Secondary Infections Associated with AIDS • Acute Infection • Fever, lymph node swelling, aches, fatigue, “flu-like” or “mono-like” symptoms • Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy • Lymph node swelling for greater than 6 months in two or more body areas (excluding the groin) • Often an early manifestation that AIDS has developed

  30. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Symptoms & Secondary Infections Associated with AIDS (cont.) • Constitutive Illness • Weight loss, persistent fever, diarrhea • Cancers • Kaposi’s sarcoma • Certain lymphomas

  31. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Symptoms & Secondary Infections Associated with AIDS (cont.) • Bacterial Secondary Infections • Mycobacterium • Listeria • Salmonella • Mycoplasma • many others

  32. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Symptoms & Secondary Infections Associated with AIDS (cont.) • Fungal Secondary Infections • Candida and others • Protozoan Secondary Infections • Toxoplasma gondii • Cryptosporidium • Pneumocystis carinii

  33. VI. D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Symptoms & Secondary Infections Associated with AIDS (cont.) • Viral Secondary Infections • Herpes simplex • Cytomegalovirus • Many others • Treatments • Inhibitors of DNA replication • Protease Inhibitors

  34. VI. E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases • Miscellaneous Pneumotrophic Viruses • Rhinovirus • Adenovirus • Respiratory Syncytial Virus

  35. VI. E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases • Miscellaneous Dermotrophic Viruses • Measles (Rubeola) • Rubella • Mumps • Fifth disease • Papilloma (HPV)

  36. VI. E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases • Miscellaneous Viscerotrophic Viruses • Enterovirus (Coxsackie & Echo Viruses) • Rotavirus • Norwalk Virus

  37. VI. E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases • Miscellaneous Neurotrophic Viruses • Poliomyelitis • Rabies • Arbovirus • Arenavirus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis)

  38. VI. E. Miscellaneous Viral Diseases • Prion Diseases • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy • Scrapie • Creutzfelt-Jakob Syndrome • Kuru

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