Kingdom Monera Bacteria

1. Kingdom Monera(Bacteria) The Kingdoms of Life-Forms (Traditional Classification) A-cellular Viruses Cellular (5 Kingdoms) (1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Fungi (4) Plantae (5) Animalia Knox: Chap 33 (Monera) Chap 34 (viruses) Margulis: Chap 1 (Bacteria)

3. Three Super-Kingdoms(RNA & DNA Analysis) Knox Fig 33.3 (p. 786)

4. Kingdom Monera(bacteria) Show OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organellesShow OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organelles

5. Kingdom Monera(bacteria) Show OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organellesShow OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organelles

6. K Monera (bacteria) Show OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organellesShow OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organelles

7. Bacteria: evolutionary history 4.6 billion b.p. Formation of earth 3.5 billion b.p. Earth cools enough to form liquid water (100o C) seas still v. hot and v. saline intense solar radiation (no ozone, O3) Primeval atmosphere (reducing) anaerobic (no free oxygen, 02) very little atmospheric water (H20) oxygen as oxides, carbonates (rocks) Composition of atmosphere H2 hydrogen NH3 nitrogen as ammonia H2S hydrogen sulphide C02 carbon dioxide BACTERIA RULE Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

8. Bacteria: chemical processes Primitive Bacteria (had to function without oxygen or water in the atmosphere) e.g. methanogenic bacteria 4H2 + C02 -> CH4 + 2H20 e.g. anoxygenic photosynthesis 12H2S + 6CO2�> C6H1206 + 12S +6H20 Light Chlorophyll Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

9. Bacteria: chemical processes Primitive Bacteria (had to function without oxygen or water in the atmosphere) many of these primitive bacteria still exist in high temperature, saline, low oxygen environments e.g. sulphur springs of Yellowstone, deep sea volcanic vents) Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

10. Bacteria & atmosphere 2.5 billion years b.p. ancestors of cyanobacteria (b.g. �algae�) oxygenic (�modern�) photosynthesis C02 + H20 �> CH20 + 02 light blue-green & purple bacteria incl. ancestors of chloroplast? APPEARANCE OF FREE OXYGEN O2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE Respiration (aerobic) - heterotrophic organisms CH2O + O2 �> CO2 + H2O + energy incl. ancestors of mitochondrion? 0.6 billion b.p. multicellular organisms appear Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

11. Kingdom Monera(bacteria) Show OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organellesShow OHP of Cell Structure Briefly describe various organelles

12. Bacteria: classification by nutritional type AUTROTROPHS produce own food (organic molecules) Photoautotrophs (plants, b.g. bacteria) use light energy (normal p.s.) C02 + H20 �> CH20 + 02 light Chemoautotrophs use chemical energy e.g. methanogenic bacteria 4H2 + C02 -> CH4 +2H20 Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

13. Bacteria: classification by nutritional type HETEROTROPHS acquire organic molecules from other sources Photoheterotrophs CH20 + H2S -> H2S04 + C02 light Chemoheterotrophs e.g. anaerobic respiration CH20 -> C02 + ethanol e.g. normal respiration CH2O + O2 �> CO2 + H2O + energy Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

14. Bacteria: ecosystem functions natural �chemical factories� maintain oxygen atmosphere cyanobacteria (b.g. �algae�) as chloroplasts in plants soil nitrogen fixation (nitrogen cycle) N2 + 8H -> 2NH4 Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

15. Bacteria: ecosystem functions carbon, sulphur, phosphorus cycles e.g. sulphur reducing bacteria S + H20 -> H2S (rotten egg gas) loss of soil sulphur humus formation chemoheterotrophs aerobic & anaerobic respiration break down dead organisms CH20 -> C02 + ethanol CH2O + O2 �> CO2 + H2O + energy Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

16. Beneficial Bacteria Food production & technology Yoghurt Lactobacillus Cheese, Salami Staphylococcus Streptococcus Waste recycling sewage (breakdown of o.m.) chemoheterotrophs (respiration) methane from organic waste (methane producing bacteria) 4H2 + C02 -> CH4 +2H20 Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

17. Beneficial Bacteria Medicine (Antibiotics) Streptomycin (antibiotic directly produced) genetic engineering Streptomyces DNA replaced with Penicillium (fungus) DNA Penicillium DNA takes over bacterial cell to mass-produce penicillin Prion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coatPrion: virus-like infectious agent, lacks nucleic acid, contains only protein Viroid: virus-like agent that lacks protein coat

18. Harmful Bacteria Problems caused by Bacteria Spoilage of Foods sulphur reducers anaerobes Food poisoning Salmonella Campylobacter

19. Harmful Bacteria Human diseases typhoid Salmonella typhi tetanus, gangrene Clostridium cholera Vibrio TB, leprosy Mycobacterium anthrax Bacillus anthraci meningococcal disease Meningococcus bubonic plague Yersinia pestis

20. Harmful Bacteria Problems caused by Bacteria Animal diseases (TB, mastitis, abcesses) Plant diseases (wilt, damping off) Industrial problems corrosion of steel & concrete (acid producing bacteria) contamination of fuels & oils

21. Harmful Bacteria Water Pollution Anabaena (Annie) Microcystis (Micky) Aphanotheca (Fanny)

22. Possible Quiz Questions Long: Bacteria are capable of carrying out a diverse range of chemical transformations. Describe how this can be beneficial or harmful to humans, giving examples. Long: Should there be five kingdoms of life-forms? Explain your answer, using a diagram.