1 / 46

KINGDOM MONERA

KINGDOM MONERA. 100,000++ spp. Your body-1000 billion animal cells 10,000 billion bacteria cells. Bacterial Cell Structure. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA. Thousand times bigger than a virus Unicellular [living] Cell is simpler than other living organisms

justis
Download Presentation

KINGDOM MONERA

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. KINGDOM MONERA

  2. 100,000++ spp Your body-1000 billion animal cells 10,000 billion bacteria cells M. Paine

  3. M. Paine

  4. M. Paine

  5. M. Paine

  6. M. Paine

  7. M. Paine

  8. M. Paine

  9. M. Paine

  10. M. Paine

  11. Bacterial Cell Structure M. Paine

  12. M. Paine

  13. STRUCTUREOF BACTERIA • Thousand times bigger than a virus • Unicellular [living] • Cell is simpler than other living organisms • Can carry out all the functions of living organisms M. Paine

  14. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA M. Paine • Rigid cell wall made of polysaccharides and amino acids [protection] • Plasma membrane • Serves as a mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum and sometimes a chloroplast • Controls entry and exit of substances

  15. STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA • Prokaryotes • Do not have a true nucleus • No nuclear membrane • DNA is combined with histone ( a protein) as in eukaryotes • Single chromosome consists of a closed loop • Many have a waxy capsule for protection • Especially disease causing bacteria • Some have flagella for locomotion M. Paine

  16. STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELL Chromosome Pilus (fimbria) Ribosome Storage granule Flagellum Capsule or Slime layer Plasmid Cell Wall Cytoplasm Plasma Membrane M. Paine

  17. SHAPES OF BACTERIA MAKE NOTE • Spherical : cocci • Rod shaped: bacilli • Spiral shaped: spiralla • Comma shaped: vibrios M. Paine

  18. M. Paine

  19. M. Paine

  20. Shapes of Bacteria • Coccus • Chain = Streptoccus • Cluster = Staphylococcus • Bacillus • Chain = Streptobacillus • Coccobacillus • Vibrio = curved • Spirillum • Spirochete • Square • Star M. Paine

  21. M. Paine

  22. M. Paine

  23. A BACTERIAL DISEASE • TUBERCULOSIS M. Paine

  24. CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION • AFFECTS ALL ORGANS OF THE BODY • MAINLY THE LUNGS M. Paine

  25. M. Paine

  26. Mycobacterium tuberculosis • CAUSED BY: • TB bacillus • Covered with a waxy coat • Protection from drying out • Heat • Bodies immune system • Can remain alive for a long time • Can survive in dust particles M. Paine

  27. CHARACTERISTICS • Bacteria are the oldest and most abundant organisms living on the Earth. • Thrive in a variety of environments • Bacteria are mostly useful but can cause diseases • Can only be seen under a microscope • Thousand times bigger than a virus • Occur in diverse shapes and types M. Paine

  28. MORE CHARACTERISTICS • The DNA of bacteria is made of a single chromosome. • In favourable conditions bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission • In unfavourable conditions (high temperatures, dryness) bacteria form spores with a thick protective coat M. Paine

  29. SIZE OF BACTERIA • Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer,μm: • 1μm = 10 -3 mm • Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their age and external environment. • Cocci: sphere, 1μm • Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length • Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6 μm in width M. Paine

  30. BINARY FISSION • FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS • Rapid [once every 20 minutes] • Split into two [binary fission] • DNA duplicates itself • Cytoplasm is divided by the cell wall growing inwards • Each of the new cells contains the same genetic information as the parent cell • Ideal conditions = warmth, moisture, food, oxygen, lack of toxins and correct pH M. Paine

  31. Binary Fission M. Paine

  32. Rapid Generation Times 1cell to 2 million cells in 7 hours! Only a build up of waste or depletion of food will stop growth M. Paine

  33. REPRODUCTION UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS • From a thick protective coat around themselves = spore • Bacterium becomes dormant inside the spore • Can withstand unfavourable conditions e.g. dryness, high temperatures • Spore splits open when conditions become better to release the bacterium • Followed by normal rapid binary fission M. Paine

  34. HOW SERIOUS • 1993 world health organisation proclaimed the tuberculosis pandemic was a global emergency • Pandemic = global epidemic with the possibility of all people benig affected • 2002 highest mortality rate was in africa M. Paine

  35. HOW IS TB SPREAD • Spread in moisture droplets • From an infected to an uninfected person • TB bacillis is spread through the air when an infected people cough, sneeze, talk or spit • Uninfected person breathes in the moisture droplets containing the bacillus • Bacilli multiply in their air sacs M. Paine

  36. AFTER INFECTION • STRONG IMMUNE SYSTEM • Infection is contained walled off in a fibrous capsule • Lie dormant for years • No symptoms • WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM • Bacilli multiply • Individual gets ill with pulmonary TB M. Paine

  37. EFFECTS OF TB [SYMPTOMS] • Individual does not feel well • Persistent cough [coughing up blood] • Weight loss • Fevers • Night sweats • Tired and weak • Patient could lose earnings while ill • Stigma attached to this disease • Untreated it is easily spread M. Paine

  38. MANAGEMENT BY PERSON • TB can be cured • Treated with an aggressive antibiotic regime called DOTS • Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course • Patients are carefully monitored to make sure that they take their full course of antibiotics • Watched as they swallow the tablets! • Lasts for six months • They will not be able to infect others within days of starting treatment M. Paine

  39. MANAGEMENT OF TB BY SOCIETY • PREVENT THE SPREAD OF TB • Screen people at risk • Treat infected patients quickly • Solve overcrowding and malnutrition • SUPPLY GOOD QUALITY INFORMATION • Eg healthy diets + ways to decrease spreading TB • PROVIDE WELL EDUCTAED HEALTH CARE WORKERS • Persuade patients to take drugs • IMMUNISATION AGAINST TB • BCG vaccine given soon after birth M. Paine

  40. PROBLEM:MUTI- DRUG RESISTANT TB • Many patients stop taking the medication once they start feeling better • TB bacillus then develops resistance to the drugs the next time they are ill with TB and on treatment again • Called multi- drug resistant TB M. Paine

  41. PREVENTION • Most children are immunised against TB soon after birth with the BCG vaccine • Repeated once or twice before going to school • Poverty and the underlying social problems of overcrowding and malnutrition need to be addressed: Overcrowding increases the chance of the TB bacillus spreading Malnutrition weakens the immune system M. Paine

  42. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV AND TB • HIV weakens the immune system • HIV positive people infected with TB are very likely to become sick • TB is the leading cause of death among people who are HIV-positive • IN AFRICA, HIV IS THE MAIN REASON WHY THE INCIDENCE OF TB HAS INCREASED OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS M. Paine

  43. Good Bacteria • Food production (cheeses , yogurt , alcohol , etc) • Making medicines (insulin) • Recycling M. Paine

  44. Bad Bacteria • Are pathogenic (cause disease) • Most are parasitic which cause infections. • Antibiotics are used to treat these infections. An antibiotic is a chemical agent produced by one organism that is harmful to another organism. • One of the most popular antibiotics is Penicillin which comes from a fungus. It destroys the bacteria’s cell wall & therefore causes the cell membrane to break up due to the hypotonic environment. M. Paine

  45. THE END M. Paine

  46. IMAGES M. Paine

More Related