COMMUNICATION

1. COMMUNICATION Dr. M. Akhter Hossain Director, Training, NIPORT. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Exeter (UK). Master of Science, University of Dhaka (Bangladesh). Master of Arts, University of Exeter (England) Master Trainer, University of Connecticut (USA) DHMS, Bangladesh Homeopathic Medical College (Dhaka)

2. COMMUNICATION Definition Communication is the process by which a person, group or other organizations (sender) transmit some type of information (message) to another person, group or organizations (receiver) for a purpose. A basic model of communication includes:

3. COMMUNICATION • Sender • Message • Media/Channel • Receiver and • Feedback (Figure-1).

4. A Basic Communication Model: Figure-1(At every step there is a chance of noise)

5. A Basic Communication Model A sender sends a message in a verbal or visual form by means of direct talk, telephone and/or letter (with symbol/picture) to the receiver. The receiver then sends feedback to the sender (or a sender has a mechanism to receive feedback) which completes the communication cycle and confirms that the objective of the message is served.

6. NOISE The unwanted factor which tries to distort the message is the ‘noise’. This noise can intervene at any point of the flow of information (Hunter, 1995).

7. Human Communication Human communication occurs when a person responds to a message and assigns meaning to it. Message: Messages are anything that people attend to and create meaning for in the communication process. Meaning: Meanings are mental images we create to develop a sense of understanding.

8. Classification of Communication

9. Types of Media

10. Again media may be conceived of as follows: Crying Laughing Touching Speaking Writing Reading Seeing Hearing Making sign/Beckoning (Make a movement to encourage to follow) Smelling Anger Avoiding Showing silence. Types of Media

11. Disseminate information Make people aware of new ideas Make a new idea/Concept acceptable to others Receive information Understand each other’s opinion and ideas Counsel and motivate target audiences Ensure people’s participation. Purposes of Communication

12. Hierarchical Nature of Human Communication • Intrapersonal • Interpersonal • Small Group • Organizational.

13. Hierarchical Nature of Human Communication Intrapersonal: To review our ideas and behavior. Interpersonal: To determine what effects your communications are having upon your dynamic partners and they feel about you. Small Group: To determine the ideas and reactions of group members about problems and their solutions. Organizational: To determine the adequacy of member information and effectiveness organization policies.

14. Communication and Creation of Meaning • Human communication is the primary tool used to develop a sense of understanding about other situation. • All people are unique and their perceptions of reality and creations of meaning are unique. • Meanings are in people, not are in words, object or things.

15. Content and relationship levels of Communication • Every message people send to one another has both a content and relationship dimension; • Content level refers to the basic information being presented in the message; • Relationship level refers to the feelings communicators express for each other through their communication; • Content and relationship aspects of human communication are expressed simultaneously in every message sent and received in interpersonal communication.

16. Personal and Object Communication Personal communication shows respect for the person and tends to be humanizing form of interaction. Object communication shows disrespect and tends to be dehumanizing form of interaction.

17. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Verbal Communication: Verbal communication includes the use of words and language. Nonverbal Communication: Nonverbal communication refers to the wide range of messages people perceive and assign meaning to that, in addition to the use of words. Nonverbal message replaces, reinforces, or contradicts a verbal message.

18. Verbal Communication • Verbal communication is a digital form of communication, include both spoken and written language. • It is used for communicating data-oriented technical information. • It is the most effective at communicating content information.

19. Written Communication • In written language, one can usually read at one’s own rate, as well as carefully review difficult parts of the text. • Written language has the advantages of stability, permanence and formality.

20. Spoken Communication The spoken word allows people to communicate about information in a personal dynamic manner. It is common for people to forget or misinterpret. The spoken word is very transitory (short-lived).

21. Nonverbal Communication • It is an analog form of communication; • It is used to communicate emotionally- oriented information; • It is most effective at communicating relationship interest (interest, attention, warmth and understanding to clients; • It surrounds and influences all verbal communication.

22. Nonverbal System of Communication • Artifactics • Kinesics • Occulosics • Paralinguistic • Tactilics • Proxemics • Chronemics

23. Artifactics • People’s personal appearances (body, shape, size, smell, skin color, hair styles, makeup, perfumes, clothing styles); • Objects people carry around them (books, jewellery, pens, combs, watches); • Objects people choose to decorate their surroundings (clocks, paintings, furniture styles and colors, books and so on and so forth. These artifactic messages have a strong influence on initial perception and first impressions people have about others.

24. Kinesics • The way people move their bodies and position themselves, including postures, gestures, head nods and leg movement. • Kinesics messages often indicate some one’s involvement in a given situation, as well as whether they are reacting positively or negatively to those around them.

25. Occulesics • Facial expression is the primary emotional message sending center of human organism. • Eye behavior includes eye-contact, gaze (direction, intensity and duration) and blinking (shut and open the eyes quickly) behavior. • Occulesic messages can tell us about the person’s emotional state and level of interest in a situation or person. • Thoughtful and considerate use of occulesics can help clients feel more at a ease in health settings.

26. Paralinguistic • Vocal cues accompanying speech which include the volume, pitch, tone, rate and expressions in someone’s voice. It is usually best to attempt to speak clearly (loudly enough for clients to hear all words but not loudly enough to frighten them), and exclusively to hold patient’s interest and attention.

27. Tactilics • Tactilics are touching behaviors including self-touching, touching others and touching of object. • Human touch related to health care practice is the expression of carrying an empathy. • It is important to be able to touch clients in a sensitive and supportive way if they are in for emotional support.

28. Tactilics • However, this touch should not be felt by the client that his/her privacy has invaded.

29. Proxemics • It is study of distance between people and objects including the distance establishing in interpersonal relationship, group meetings and surrounding design. • Personal space: Each person maintains an expandable special bubble around themselves as an interpersonal buffer between themselves and other.

30. Chronemics • Chronemics deals with how time affects communication, including communication behavior patterned over time, appointment keeping, and length of time communicating with others. • The more time you spend communicating with others, regardless of the topic of conversation, the more you are telling them you believe they are important individuals.

31. Positive Nonverbal Communication • Leaning towards the client; • Smiling but showing no tension; • Avoiding nervous or inappropriate mannerisms; • Presenting facial expressions that inspire trust; • Maintaining eye contact with the client; • Making encouraging gestures.

32. Negative Nonverbal Communication

33. Effective Communication Communication is effective when the stimulus as it was initiated and intended by the sender, or source, corresponds closely to the stimulus as it is perceived and responded to by the receiver. R Receiver’s meaning ----- = --------------------------- S Sender’s meaning

34. How do you measure effective communication? Understanding Pleasure Attitude influence Improve relationship Action Effective Communication

35. Good Interpersonal skills: Active listening Attending behavior Questioning Ability to explain in details Help in taking decision Giving information Reflecting feelings Summarizing and paraphrasing Effective use of communication materials Capable of drawing conclusion. Skills of a Communicator

36. Good Counselor-Client Relationship A good relationship with a client is based not only on what the client hears, but also on what she or he observes and senses about the counselor. Nonverbal cues vary from culture to culture and sometimes among different groups within a culture.

37. References • Dr. Mirza A. H. M. Bareque Director, Clinical Contraception. • Dr. M. Akhter Hossain • Richard Hale and Peter Willium.