Grammar & vocabulary

1. Grammar & vocabulary

2. 1、He left for South American that summer, never ________ . • returned B. returning C. would return D. to return • D本句用不定式结构表达，这里用“only/never to V”的简单句式来表达结果。例如：He worked very hard , only to fail again. 他努力了，结果还是失败。其他几种形式都没有表达结果的含义，排除。

3. 2、A new technique ________ , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. • A. working out B. having worked out C. having been worked out D. to have been worked out • C新技术已经发明出来了，不是将要发明出来，这里使用分词结构，故D项错误。由于动词work out和technique是逻辑动宾关系，故此处只能使用过去分词的独立结构，即A new technique worked out，或者使用被动语态的现在分词结构，即A new technique having worked out, 故C为答案。

4. 3、We still had great fun while watching some good-looking birds _______ “wild strangers”. • A. called B. calls C. calling D. call • A本句中_______ “wild strangers”是birds的后置定语，因为wild strangers是人这样叫的。因此与birds是被动关系，故用过去分词called表被动。calling表主动，排除。而calls和call这里是谓语动词，不符合非谓语动词的语法要求。

5. 4、She came _________ as soon as she saw me. • A. having cried B. to be crying C. crying D. to have been crying • C英语中用现在分词表示表示日常生活中的动作如“stand , sit , lie”等同时伴随的动作，例如”lie reading” 而表示”come , go ” 等同时伴随的动作，也用类似表达，例如”come running(跑着来) go flying（飞过去）”等。 本句就是此种表达。

6. 5、The problem ________ pollution requires the immediate attention by government leaders as well as scientists and environments. • A. resulting from B. resulted from C. resulting by D. resulted in • A result in 表示“导致…….”;result from表示“由…….导致”；这里用过去分词作后置定语修饰problem，两个短语的正确形式分别为：resulted in by 和resulting from，A为答案。

7. 6、He stared at me as if_______ me for the first time. • A. to see B seeing C. to have seen D. being seen • B居中as if 引导的是方式状语，首先能够确定是“他看见我”是主动形式，排除D。而不定式和现在分词的一个重要的区别就是前者表示将来，后者表示说话当时的情况故选B。

8. 7、Don’t get your schedule ________; stay with us in this class. • A. to change B. changing C. changed D. changed • DGet后接复合宾语时，宾语补足语既可以用分词来充当，也可由动词不定式，但含义不同。当现在分词作宾语时，表示该动作持续进行；过去分词作宾语时，表示动作被完成；当动词不定式作宾补时，该不定式必须带to。而且当物作宾语时，作宾补的动词不定式需用被动语态。这里schedule和change之间是被动关系。

9. 8、Students _________ in the examination shall be punished. • A. caught cheating B. caught being cheated C. caught to cheat D. caught cheated • A被抓用过去分词caught，而cheat是不及物动词，用现代分词表主动。

10. 9、I quite understand _________ to discuss the matter before so many people. • A. you not want B. you to not want C. not your wanting D. your not wanting • D此处用动名词的复合结构，物主代词是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。表否定时not置于动名词前。

11. 10、Jason ________ up a textile mill near the upper reaches. • A. objected to set B. objected setting C. opposed to set D. objected to setting • D 固定搭配object to doing sth

12. 11.---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try goingB.trying to goC.to try and goD.try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。

13. 12. Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learnB. to learnC. learnedD. learning • 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

14. 13.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to driveB. to never driverC. never drivingD. never drive • 答案：A。warn sb. to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb. not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

15. 14. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to • 答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语，因此也B，D不对。

16. 15.The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have writtenB. to be writtenC. being writtenD. written • 答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which was written

17. 16.What's the language ____ in Germany? A. speakingB. spokenC. be spokenD. to speak • 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。

18. 17._______, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heatedC. HeatedD. Heat • 答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，…

19. 18.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sitB. sit onC. be seatD. be sat on • 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

20. 19._____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. FollowedB. Followed byC. Being followedD. Having been followed • 答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行 之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。

21. 20.Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer. A. to inventB. inventingC. to have inventedD. having invented • 答案：C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构，也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构，排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时，一般要求用不定式的完成式，故选C。

22. 21. In the course of a day, students do far more than just ______classes. • A attend B to attend C attended D attending • 选A than 引导状语从句，从句结构应和主句结构相同,do more than 后常接不带to 的不定式。

23. 22.I’d rather read than watch TV ;the programs seem ____all the time. • A to get worse B to be getting worse • C to have got worse D getting worse • 选B seem 后跟带to 的不定式；all the time 表示一直，要用进行时。

24. 23. They are considering ____before the princes go up. • A of buying the house B buying the house • C with buying the house D to buy the house • 选 B consider + noun/ v+ing

25. 24.What’s the use ___? • A to try B trying C having tried D you trying • 选B句型 It is no use doing sth.

26. 25.I don’t like you ____ late for work. • A to be always coming B to always come • C be always come D to be come always • 选A always + v-ing 表示强烈的感情，在此表厌恶。

27. 26.Traffic accidents show a tendency _____ in number. • A to grow B to have grown C to be grown D grow • 选A tendency to do sth grow 作不及物动词，不能用被动

28. 27.I don’t require ___ of my faults a thousand times. • A to be reminded B to be reminding • C being reminded D having been reminded • 选A require 后可接不定式和动名词形式，当require 之后要用被动语态时，如用不定式，要用被动形态；如用动名词则只需主动语态。

29. 28. I woke up in the night and found we had water ____ through the ceiling. • A drip B dripping C being dripped D dripped • 选B drip是不及物动词，没有被动态，只能用dripping

30. 29. Pure hydrogen burns because it combines very easily with free oxygen ,water ____by the reaction. • A having been formed B being formed • C to be formed D is formed • 选B water 是产生于reaction 因此用被动 ，同时这个阶段是伴随主句产生的，所以用动名词形式表示伴随。

31. 30._____ ,we may perhaps look forward to better weather. • A Spring having now come • B Spring has come now • C Spring is now coming • D The spring being come • 选A因为句子的下半句是明确的主句，所以空白部分一定不可能是独立的句子，而是句子的原因状语，所以选A。

32. 31. The doctor recommends me ____on a strict diet. • A. to go B. going C. I should go D. go • A. recommend 可跟两种动词非限定形式，其结构分别为recommend sb. to do sth. 和recommend doing sth. 具有类似用法的还有allow, permit, forbid, advise, encourage等动词。

33. 32. Weather____, we’ll go for an outing. • A. being permitted B. permitted 、 • C. permitting D. permits • C. weather permitting 是一个独立主格结构。

34. 33. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman____ the Nobel Prize for Literature. • A. receiving B. received C. who receives D. to receive • D. 名词词组the first + noun 的后置定语不使用-ing 分词，而必须使用不定式。

35. 34. ____, he can now only watch TV at home. • A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match • B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match • C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match • D Not obtained a ticket for the match • C. –ing 分词的否定形式not必须置于前面；-ing的完成时形式表示动作先后次序。

36. 35. The Clarks haven’t decided yet which hotel____. • A. to stay B. is to stay • C. to stay at D. is for staying • C.不定式分句前面可直接加wh-词；stay是一个不及物动词，须加介词at.

37. 36. John regretted ______ to the meeting last week. • A. not going • B. not to go • C. not having been going • D. not to be going • A. regret doing sth. 表示后悔/遗憾已经做过的事；–ing 分词的否定形式not必须置于前面

38. 37. Professor Johnson is said____ some significant advance in his research in the past year. • A. having made B. making C. to have made D. to make • C. is said to do sth.；用不定式的完成时表示过去意义

39. 38. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, ____ by the police each time. • A. had been captured B. being always captured • C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured • C. 句子中的不定式作结果状语, only to通常表示不良结果。

40. 39. The project, _____by the end of 200S，will expand the city‘s telephone network to cover 1，000，000 users. • A. accomplished B. being accomplished • C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished • C. to do 可表示将来；by the end of 200S,& will, 表明为将来时。

41. 40. Paul was lying on the lawn, his hands____ under his head. • A. were crossing B. were crossed C. crossing D. crossed • D. 后半句是一个由-ed构成的独立主格结构。