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Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. Umayyad Caliphate 680-750. Social. Intermarriage, interaction Large numbers converted to Islam Women: at first strengthened, less secluded; spiritual equality; early wars of expansion; . Political. Use of military to unite empire

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Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

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  1. Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates

  2. Umayyad Caliphate680-750

  3. Social • Intermarriage, interaction • Large numbers converted to Islam • Women: at first strengthened, less secluded; spiritual equality; early wars of expansion;

  4. Political • Use of military to unite empire • Captured Mesopotamia N. Africa, Persia [Sassanid], portions of Byzantine Empire (Egypt, Palestine, Syria) • Conquests; booty • Naval supremacy in Med Sea • Internal divisions (3rd Caliph Uthman (assassinated)  Ali named Caliph (member of prophet’s family) • Shiite: supporters of Ali, descendants of Mohammad (Iran) • Sunni: Community should elect (majority) • Bureaucracy; run by and for Arab Muslims • Arabic: language of govt

  5. Intellectual Achievements • Use of Arabic • Poetry

  6. Religion • Conquests not a means of gaining new converts • Muslim gov’ts seemed more tolerant than Byz Christian pop (E,S, and Pal) welcomed Muslims • Viewed Judaism, Christianity as earlier less perfect versions of Islam

  7. Individuals • Abu Bakr: selected to lead as caliph

  8. Economy • Overland and sea trade

  9. Dates/ Decline • Capital: Damascus • Corruption of ruling family • Disgruntled soldiers accepted Abbasid claims to throne • Abu Al Abbas (w/ soldiers,and Shiite factions) attacked and captured Damascus

  10. Abbasid Caliphate750-1258

  11. Social • Slavery existed (could lead to emancipation; courts, farms) not herdeitary • Non-Muslim slaves (pow or raids) • Peasant class = dependant agri laborers • Absorbed cultures of Persia, Rome H. Greece, Mesop. • Very cosmopolitan • Role of women declined (see reading and previous notes) )

  12. Political • More centralized govt; admitted all converts as equal • Shifted away from Shiite beliefs • Elaborate court w/ bureaucracy (dominated by Persians) • Vizier (think of Jafar)served caliph (above all, but not divine) • Quaranic Law; Sharia’ahHadith(traditions) • Rise of Mamluks (Turkic slaves from Central Asia)

  13. Individuals • Abbas • Ibn al Haytham

  14. Religion • Mass conversion encouraged • However, gradual conversions (“There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”)

  15. Intellectual • Golden Age • Translation of Greek, Persian, Indian works into Arabic • Wine songs and songs of patron praise (as opposed to classic odes) • Translation of Aristotle into Arabic • “Arabian Nights”

  16. Technologies • Construction: schools, baths, hospitals • Mosques • Astronomy (Milky Way, light traveling))

  17. Economy • Afro-Eurasian trade rebirth  urban growth • Strategically located for long distance trade • Artisans and handicrafts  labor organizations

  18. Dates / Decline • New Capital: Baghdad • Decline: Mongol invasions of 1258 • Decline: increased Islamic conversions  difficulty ruling a vast empire  many frontier revolts • Difficulties in collection of taxes • Centralized empire did not serve the needs of such a diverse people

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