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Chapter 23, part 4

Chapter 23, part 4. The Respiratory System. SECTION 23-9 Gas Pickup and Delivery. Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O 2 and absorbs CO 2. Reactions are completely reversible. Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration. PLAY.

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Chapter 23, part 4

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  1. Chapter 23, part 4 The Respiratory System

  2. SECTION 23-9Gas Pickup and Delivery

  3. Blood in peripheral capillaries delivers O2 and absorbs CO2 • Reactions are completely reversible

  4. Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration PLAY Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration Figure 23.20a, b

  5. Oxygen transport • Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin • The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carried is dependent upon: • PO2 • pH • temperature • BPG • Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult hemoglobin

  6. Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve Figure 23.21

  7. Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve Figure 23.21

  8. Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation Figure 23.22a, b

  9. Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin Figure 23.23

  10. Carbon dioxide transport • 7% dissolved in plasma • 70% carried as carbonic acid • buffer system • 23% bound to hemoglobin • carbaminohemoglobin • Plasma transport

  11. Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood Figure 23.24

  12. Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood Figure 23.24

  13. Summary of gas transport • Driven by differences in partial pressure • Oxygen enters blood at lungs and leaves at tissues • Carbon dioxide enters at tissues and leaves at lungs PLAY Animation: Gas Exchange and Gas Transport

  14. Figure 23.25 A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms Figure 23.25a, b

  15. SECTION 23-10Control of Respiration

  16. Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removal • Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance • Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function include • Lung perfusion • Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen • Alveolar ventilation • Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide

  17. Respiratory centers of the brain • Medullary centers • Respiratory rhythmicity centers set pace • Pons • Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

  18. Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls Figure 23.27

  19. Respiratory reflexes • Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including • Chemoreceptor reflexes • Level of carbon dioxide • Baroreceptors reflexes • Hering-Breuer reflexes • Prevents overinflation • Protective reflexes

  20. Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in PCO2 Figure 23.28

  21. Voluntary control of respiration • Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon: • Conscious and unconscious thought • Emotional state • Anticipation PLAY Animation: Control of Respiration

  22. SECTION 23-11Changes in the Respiratory System at Birth

  23. Neonatal Respiration • Upon taking the first breath: • Inhaled air enters the respiratory passages for the first time • The bronchial tree and most of the alveoli are inflated • Subsequent breaths complete inflation of the alveoli

  24. SECTION 23-12Aging and the Respiratory System

  25. The efficiency of the respiratory system decreases with age as: • Elastic tissue deteriorates causing lower lung compliance and vital capacity • Chest movements are restricted by arthritic changes • Some degree of emphysema normally occurs

  26. You should now be familiar with: • The primary functions of the respiratory system • The organs of the respiratory system and their functions • The processes of external and internal respiration • The physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood • The important structural features of the respiratory membrane • How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood

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