Critical Discourse Analysis of Reid’s Behavioural Analysis Interview

1. Critical Discourse Analysis of Reid’s Behavioural Analysis Interview By Brenda Brooks from Canada

2. Lunch Time • Hang in there!

3. Reid’s Interviewing & Interrogation Method

4. Tip of the Iceberg The Behavioural Analysis Interview The Interrogation

5. The Sherlock Holmes Effect

6. Critical Discourse Analysis • Theorists • (HUCKIN and HABERMAS) • The current study takes a Foucaultian perspective using critical discourse analysis (CDA) from Huckin’s model (1997) and critical theory stemming from Habermas (1973) to investigate the power dynamics within the BAI process.

7. Michel Foucault

8. Interrogation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hE3Kp0NqjC4&feature=related

9. Research Question • The legitimacy of a component of the Reid Technique (the Behaviour Analysis Interview (BAI), designed to elicit behaviour symptoms to determine truthfulness or deception) raises the question: • Is there an ideological imbalance of power embedded in the BAI and if so, in what ways does it unfairly guide investigators in conducting an interrogation?

11. The Analysis Of the 9 Questions • Purpose • History/You • Knowledge/Suspicion • Vouch • Punishment • **Think • Second Chance • Investigative Results • Bait

12. How • Narrative structures of news and crime fiction • BOTTON: police interview • TOP: newspaper interview • (Deacon et al., 1999, p. 170) Events Circumstances Puzzle Eventual Resolution Who did it

13. Are You Being Framed? Confession • Framing – the angle taken in the text production • Foregrounding/Backgrounding • Omission • Presupposition, • Register

14. Results

15. Results

17. Analogy

18. Limitations • This study is restricted to the text of the BAI and it may be fruitful to take a more holistic approach and include Reid’s nine steps of interrogation and real-world police interviews. Finally, a review of training practices to study the effect of the BAI may also be effective.

19. Implications • The finding of this researcher is that Reid’s version of a “non-accusatorial interview” contains textual manipulation that has a powerful effect on both interviewers and interviewees alike. • This study adds to a growing body of literature on this contentious issue (Blair & Kooi, 2004; Russano, Meisser, Narchet, & Kassin, 2005; Snook & Eastwood, Stinson, Tedeschini, & House, 2010; Vrij, Mann, Fisher, & Bull, 2006.

20. Words of Wisdom by Michael Scott • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8g5t4tsXRo&NR=1

21. References Blair, J., & Kooi, B. (2004). The gap between training and research in the detection of deception. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 6, 77-83. Buckley, J. P. (n.d.). The Reid technique of interviewing and interrogation. Retrieved from http://www.michiganprincipals.org/special/PDF/marquette_sem_hndout06_ctr1.pdf Buller, D., & Burgoon, J. (1996). Interpersonal deception theory. Communication Theory, 6, 203-242. Dando, C., Wilcock, R., & Milne, R. (2009). The cognitive interview: Novice police officers’ witness/victim interviewing practices. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15, 679-696. Deacon, D., Pickering, M., Golding, P., & Murdock, G. (1999). Researching communications. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Denzin, N., & Keller, C. (1981). Frame analysis reconsidered. Contemporary Sociology, 10, 52-60. Drew, P., & Heritage, J. (1992). Analyzing talk at work. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work (pp. 3-65). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DePaulo, B., Lindsay, J., Malone, B., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 74-118. Fisher, R., & Geiselman, R. (1992). Memory-enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing: The cognitive interview. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas. Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. Foucault, M. (2000). The essential works of Foucault (Volume 3, Power). New York: The New Press.

22. References Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. United Kingdom: Tavistock. Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Heydon, G. (2005). The language of police interviewing. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. Horvath, F. S. (1973). Verbal and nonverbal cues to truth and deception during polygraph examinations. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1, 138-152. Horvath, F. S., Jayne, B. P., & Buckley, J. P. (1994). Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in behavioral analysis interviews. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39, 793-807. Horvath, F., Blair, J., & Buckley, J. (2008). The behavioral analysis interview: Clarifying the practice, theory, and understanding of its use and effectiveness. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 10(1), 101-118. doi: 10.1350/ijps.2008.10.1.101 Huckin, T. N. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. Miller (Ed.), Functional approaches to written text. Retrieved from http://eca.state.gov/education/engteaching/pubs/BR/functionalsec3_6.htm Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Jayne, B., & Buckley, J. (1999). The investigator anthology. Chicago, IL: John E. Reid. Retrieved from http://www.reid.com/educational_info/critictechnique.html Kassin, S., Appleby, S., & Perillo, J. (2010). Interviewing suspects: Practice, science, and future directions. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 15(1), 39-55. doi: 10.1348/135532509X449361 Kassin, S., & Fong, C. (1999). “I’m Innocent!”: Effects of training on judgments of truth and   deception in the interrogation room. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 499-516.

23. References Kuypers, J. (2009). Rhetorical criticism: Perspectives in action. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Masip, J., Herrero, C., Garrido, E., & Barba, A. (2010). Is the behavioral analysis interview just common sense? Applied Cognitive Psychology. doi: 10.1002/acp.1728 McGregor, S. (2004). Critical discourse analysis: A primer. Kappa Omicron Nu FORUM, 15(1). Retrieved from http://www.kon.org/archives/forum/15-1/mcgregorcda.html Palmquist, R. (1999). Discourse analysis. Retrieved from http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm Price, L. (2002). Industry and sustainability. Retrieved from http://www.kubatana.net/docs/env/indust_lp020812.pdf Reid, J. E., & Arther, R. O. (1953). Behavior symptoms of lie-detector suspects. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 44, 104-108. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.royalroads.ca/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=17&sid=4a59bc50-5262-4c89-a1af-4697cc181397%40sessionmgr14&bdata =JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=sih&AN=16909909 Russano, M., Meissner, C., Narchet, F., & Kassin, S. (2005). Investigating true and false confessions within a novel experimental paradigm. Psychological Science, 16 (6), 481-486. Shepherd, E. (2007). Investigative interviewing: The conversation management approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Snook, B., Eastwood, J., Stinson, M., Tedeschini, J., & House, J. (2010). Reforming investigative interviewing in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 52, 215-229. doi: 10.3138/cjccj.52.2.215

24. References Stromwall, L., Hartwig, M., & Granhag, P. (2006). To act truthfully: Nonverbal behavior and strategies during a police interrogation. Psychology, Crime and Law, 12, 207-219. Thornborough, J. (2002). Power talk: Language and interaction in institutional discourse. Harlow: Longman. van Dijk, T. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. van Dijk, T. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Retrieved from http://www.dicourse-in-society.org/OldArticles/The%20reality%20of%20racism.pdf Vrij, A., Mann, S., Fisher, R., Leal, S., & Bull, R. (2008). Increasing cognitive load to facilitate lie detection: The benefit of recalling an event in reverse order. Law and Human Behavior, 32, 253-265. doi: 10.1007/s10979-007-9103-y

25. A Critical Discourse of Reid’s Behavioural Analysis Interview • Questions?