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Understanding Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases

Explore the Arrhenius Theory's strengths, weaknesses, and revisions, including how acids and bases interact with water and examples of neutralization reactions. Learn to identify hydronium and hydroxide ions in chemical reactions. Do assigned exercises to deepen your knowledge.

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Understanding Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases

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  1. 6.4- Explaining Acids and Bases

  2. Arrhenius’ Theory • acids ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions • bases dissociate in water to produce hydroxide ions

  3. Arrhenius Theory Weaknesses • does not explain why: • NH3(aq) acts as a base, or why CO2(g) can act as an acid • some gases like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide produce acidic solutions

  4. some substances act as both acids and bases

  5. Revised Arrhenius Theory • includes water in the reaction • acids react with water to produce hydronium (H3O+(aq)) HCl(aq) + H2O(l) ---> H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) • hydronium is a hydrogen ion bonded onto a water molecule

  6. . • bases are substances that react with water to produce hydroxide ions. This explains why ammonia acts as a base. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ---> OH-(aq) + NH4+(aq)

  7. also explains why molecules such as CO2(g), SO2(g), and NO2(g) act as acids. • Two step reaction: CO2(g) + H2O(l) ---> H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ---> H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)

  8. also explains why some ions can act as both acids and bases. • eg. HCO3-(aq) and HPO42-(aq) HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ---> H3O+(aq) + CO32-(aq) HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ---> OH-(aq)+ H2CO3(aq)

  9. Neutralization Reaction We have seen neutralization reactions to look like this HCl(aq) +NaOH(aq)NaCl(aq) +H2O(l) • According to the modified Arrehius theory, we can now state that neutralization is the reaction between hydronium ions ( from the acid) and hydroxide ions ( from the base) to produce water H3 O+(aq) +OH-(aq) 2H2 O(l)

  10. Assignment • Read page 248 -253 • Do page 251 #1,2 • Do page 253 #4,5,6

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