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Unit 3 & 4

http://quizlet.com/_fpe5v. Quizlet :. Unit 3 & 4. Classical Empires - Israel, Persia, Greece & Rome. Concept Questions. What caused the classical empires to develop and what effects did this development have on civilization?

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Unit 3 & 4

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  1. http://quizlet.com/_fpe5v Quizlet: Unit 3 & 4 Classical Empires - Israel, Persia, Greece & Rome

  2. Concept Questions • What caused the classical empires to develop and what effects did this development have on civilization? • What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of Israel, Persia, Greece and Rome during the “Classical Era”? • What are the historical origins and central beliefs of Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity? • What factors contributed to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire?

  3. Persian Religion • Zoroastrianism • Zoroaster • First to establish monotheism • God of Truth and Light (Ahura Mazda) • God of Evil and Darkness (AngraMainyu) • Fight for possession of souls • Avesta – holy writings • People will be judged on their choices in life • Fiery pit or Paradise • Closely tied to beliefs of Christianity, Judaism and Islam • Spread into India (Parsi sect) • Largest group today

  4. Judaism Torah – 1st 5 books of the Bible Abraham – father of Hebrews, chosen by God Monotheism – ours is the one and only God Covenant with Abraham • His descendants will inherit the earth • Father of Judaism, Christianity and Islam • God’s protection in exchange for keeping the Commandments • Basis for civil and religious laws Moses – survived slaughter, “let my people go” • Known for high morals/ethics • Delivered people out of slavery in Egypt • Wanders for 40 years in search of the promised land Israel

  5. Christianity- in Roman Empire Jews in Judea under Roman rule • Principles of spiritual equality lead to the concept of legal equality • Popular with the poor and the peasants • Birth of unalienable rights (life, liberty and property) – following the 10 Commandments • Local control given to Jewish court • Jews persecuted for not worshipping Roman gods Jesus = a Jew who @ 30 began ministry • Apostles: his disciples • Hailed by supporters as the Messiah • Fulfills Jewish law, salvation through faith, love thy neighbor, trinity • Executed for challenging authority of Roman emperor and Jewish church leaders • Separation of church/state – “Render therefore unto Caesar the things which be Caesar’s, and unto God the things which be God’s.” • Paul:missionary – never met Jesus • Peter: 1st Pope – spread teachings of Christ

  6. Christianity: A World Religion Early Christian Church: Hierarchy of power: Pope (1st – Peter) Cardinals Bishops • Priests Constantine: 313 – Edict of Milan –named Christianity an approved religion 380 – Theodosius made it the official religion Heresy – any belief contradictory to church

  7. Links to Judaism & Christianity: • Allah is same God of Christians & Jews • See Qur’an as same as Torah & Bible • Qur’an was final book and Muhammad was final prophet • All 3 religions believe in heaven, hell, & day of judgment • Muslims trace ancestry to Abraham, same as Jews & Christians (Isaac, Ishmael/Hagar) • Christians & Jews are “people of the book” & Shari’a law required toleration

  8. Persia (present day Iran) • Trade: farming and minerals • Royal Road – connected the empire with a system of communication and was used to promote trade • Standard system of weights/measures/coins • postal system • King Cyrus – military genius • Conquered people allowed to keep their local customs & religions • governed conquered people with kindness and tolerance • – reason for success • Cyrus cylinder – history of his conquests • Cambyses – son of Cyrus • Expanded territory to include Egypt • Scorned Egyptian religion • Died after 8 yrs. left Persia fragile and full of revolts • Darius • After settling revolts, expanded into India, but could not conquer Greece • Unified provinces, expanded the road system, standardized money • Satraps – assigned governor to each province, tax collector & army leader

  9. Mycenaean Civilization Develops • Trojan War : Homer’s Epic s The Iliad, The Odyssey - 1200 BC • Heinrich Schliemann: archaeologist found Troy 1870 • Greek Culture declinesDorians defeated Mycaneans • Dark Ages of Greece • Greeks created Myths • gods lived on Mt. Olympus: • Zeus & Hera, etc… • polytheism

  10. Warring City-States • City States • Polis – with acropolis • Tyrants: powerful leaders who took control • Rivals: Sparta vs. Athens • New Kind of Army • Army recruits from • merchants, artisans, small farmers – used cheap iron weapons • Foot soldiers formed a: phalanx

  11. Greek Political structures • Monarchy- • State ruled by a king • Hereditary, rulers claim divine right • Practiced in Mycenae • Aristocracy– • State ruled by nobility • Hereditary & land ownership • Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority • Practiced in Athens (594 bc)

  12. Political Structures • Oligarchy – • Rule by a small group of citizens • Based on wealth • Ruling group controls military • Practiced in Sparta • Direct Democracy • Ruled by its citizens • Based on citizenship • Limited to men • Majority rule Practiced in Athens (461bc)

  13. Sparta builds a Military State • Oligarchy • Peloponnesian Peninsula • Conquered people: • Helots (serfs) • Education: military training for boys, women managed homes and trained in sports • Powerful army, little individual expression

  14. Persian Wars • Darius, Persian king, attacks • Battle of Marathon: Greeks win • Persian King Xerxes attacks • Battle of Thermopylae - defeat of Spartan Leonidas (300) • Naval Battle of Salamis: Athens navy won • Battle of Plataea Spartans won

  15. Democracy & Greece’s Golden Age • Pericles’ 3 Goals for Athens: • Believed all people in society have a role to play – civic responsibility, equal treatment under the law • 1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy • paid public officials, increased their number • 2. Hold & Strengthen the empire • built largest navy • 3. Glorify Athens • beautified the city, Parthenon

  16. The 1st Olympic Field • Revival: 1896, Athens

  17. Classical Art

  18. Spartans vs. Athens @ Peloponnesian war • Athens lost because: • Plague– 430 BC: killed 2/3 of population, even Pericles • Athenian navy defeated 413 BC & totally destroyed

  19. Alexander the Great: The Empire • King Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece • Alexander took over 336 BC @ 20 • Defeated the Persians & Darius III in 3 battles in Anatolia • After his death, • Empire divided into 3 parts

  20. The Hellenistic Period: • Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria: • Synthesis of Greek, Egyptian, Middle Eastern, & Oriental cultures • Trade & Cultural Diversity: • trade & culture centers: Alexandria, Egypt • Astronomy: Ptolemy – incorrectly said earth was center of solar system • Erathosthenes calculated size of the earth (off -1%) • Mathematics & Physics: • Euclid: geometry • Archimedes: value of pi & lever; pulley

  21. Hellenic Plays/ Philosophers • Tragedy: serious dramas about common themes • Sophocles • Comedy: satires • Histories: Herodotus – father of history • Thucydides – non-bias historical writing • Philosophers • Socrates: “socratic method” • Plato: The Republic • Aristotle : arguing using logic

  22. Realism in Sculpture: • Statues to honor gods, heroes, everyday life • Largest: Colossus of Rhodes – bronze 100’ tall- 1 of 7 wonders of ancient world • More realistic & emotional than classical sculpture • Architecture – continues to influence Rome and even today

  23. Roman History & Christianity • A Mediterranean • Empire

  24. Beginnings of Rome: • Latins – 1500 BC • Romulus & Remus myth = 753 BC • Traditional Greek Gods w/ Roman names

  25. Early Republic • Republic:govt. in hands of citizens who vote with elected representatives (tribunes) • Twelve Tables – system of laws • Often separated classes (ie, patricians & plebians could not marry) • Separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial) • Checks and balances • veto • Patricians &Plebeians • Indirect democracy - representatives • Senate: upper branch of legislature • *dictator: absolute power • *legion: 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers • Women – greater freedoms and influence • Could often inherit so enjoyed some economic independence • Roles as teachers and administrators in Christian communities • Barred later as men dominate the Church

  26. Rome creates an Empire • Rome conquers Italy by 265 bce • Tolerant treatment of conquered = • Always created allies • Some were allowed to vote as citizens • Latins were given full citizenship • Trade rivalry with Carthage for control of Mediterranean - wine, olive oil caused: • The Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage

  27. War with Carthage: Punic Wars • Series of 3 wars: • 1st: Rome won Sicily • 2nd: Hannibal of Carthage was defeated by Roman Scipio • 3rd: Cato: “Carthage must be destroyed” • Lesson of Punic Wars: • Don’t mess with Rome!

  28. The Republic Collapses: • Corruption in government • Instability • Too large to govern effectively • Invasions from barbarian tribes • Social inequality (rich/poor gap) • High taxes inequality in landownership (peasant revolts) • Latifundia – aristocratic farming estates • Decline in morals and values (bread/circuses) • Unemployment/inflation • 1/3 of population is slaves • ¼ of population is unemployed • Decline of cities

  29. Civil War • Julius Caesar – control • of army = & stability • Triumvirate: Caesar, • Crassus & Pompey ruled • Gaius Julius Caesar reforms: • absolute ruler – total power • Power struggle with Senate for control of the government

  30. Death of Julius Caesar: “et tu, Brute?” • c. March 15, 44 BC = Caesar assassinated • Civil wars = Octavian wins & is crowned: Augustus Caesar 31 bc • Octavian becomes Caesar Augustus, 63-14 BC: BEST ruler • 45 years of rule = 207 yrs peace! • Or PaxRomana “Roman peace” • After him: armies chose leader until 2nd century

  31. PaxRomana • Increased trade (agriculture) & commerce: Silk Road to Asia • Growth of the arts & sciences • Roman Law=Justinian Code • *all persons equal under the law • *accused persons guaranteed trials

  32. Decline of the Empire • Military upheaval – invasions • Hired mercenaries – hired foreign soldiers • Political decay: indifference of the people • Emperors attempt reform: • Diocletian – 284 – absolute dictator • Divided empire: Greek speaking (Cyrillic alphabet, Orthodox religion) vs. • Latin speaking (phonetic alphabet, Catholic religion) • Rome’s economy declines: Inflation • Disruption of trade • decline of urban centers (shirt of population) • Rise of feudalism • Decline of knowledge and learning • loss of central government

  33. Invaders overrun the Empire • Germanic Invasions: • *408 =Alaric (Visigoth) destroyed Rome • *452Huns- Attila(fierce Mongol nomads) • *476 Odoacer –sacked Rome • Rome Falls in 476 –end of Western Roman Empire….but Eastern half continues!

  34. The End of the Empire • Instability, short reigns, civil wars • Diocletian, 284-395:Western- • ***Divided the Empire! • Constantine, 306-337: Eastern -transferred capital to Byzantium & renamed itConstantinople- *empire lasted until 1453 Turks • *converted to Christianity

  35. Roots of Western Civ. • Historical writing: • *Livy, 59 BC, History of Rome • *Plutarch, 100, biographies of Greek & Romans • *Tacitus, 55-120, wrote about life among the Germanic barbarians • *Virgil: epic writer - Aeneid • Greco-Roman Culture • Romanization - the spread of Latin language & the Roman way of life • Romance Languages: Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian • Roman numerals (we use Arabic) 2004 = MMIV

  36. Vesuvius Erupts & destroys Pompeii

  37. Ruins of Pompeii

  38. Frescoe from Pompeii

  39. aqueduct

  40. Appian Way

  41. Trajan’s Tower

  42. Hadrian's Wall: Northern England

  43. Troy • Conquered by the Romans, too! • German: Heinrich Schliemann wrote • its history.

  44. Byzantine Empire: All Rome doesn’t collapse…only the WEST!

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