The Scientific Revolution

1. The Scientific Revolution In this lesson, students will be able to define the following terms: Scientific Revolution Scientific Method Galileo Galilei Sir Isaac Newton

2. Scientific Revolution; historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700 Scientific revolution

3. The Scientific Revolution began during the Renaissance and continued through the 17th and 18th centuries.

4. The Scientific Revolution began during the Renaissance • It was a movement that rejected traditional authority and church teachings in favor of scientific reasoning • A new scientific method was developed The Scientific Revolution

5. New philosophers rejected ideas that originated with ancient Greek philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates • Also rejected ideas of the Catholic Church • Began using “reason” and mathematics to solve problems • New inventions gave philosophers better insight to our world and the universe Scientific revolution

6. Like Galileo and his telescope, scientists began to look and to prove truths. E. Napp

7. People of the Middle Ages originally believed in the Ptolemaic model of the universe • Ptolemy, an ancient Greek philosopher, said the universe was geocentric • Geocentric; Earth is the center of the universe and the sun, stars, and other planets revolved around it Scientific breakthroughs

9. In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus published a book claiming the universe was heliocentric • Heliocentric; theory that the sun is the center of the solar system and the planets and stars revolve around it • Also stated that the moon orbited around the Earth and Earth rotated on an axis Copernicus and kepler

10. Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician, studied Copernicus’ theory further • Published his Laws of Planetary Motion • Stated the sun was the focal point of the universe • Planets did NOT move in a circular shape around the sun but rather in an elliptical motion, or egg shaped Copernicus and kepler

13. In 1609 Galileo invented the first telescope • Scientists could now observe the solar system and make observations proving the Ptolemaic theory incorrect • Galileo observed mountains and the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots Galileo Galilei

14. Galileo also seemed to prove that heavenly bodies were physical instead of orbs of light as preached by the church • The Roman Catholic Church ordered him to abandon the heliocentric model saying the Sun was the center of the universe • The church wanted Galileo to say Earth was the center of the universe • Was even imprisoned by the church for heresy Galileo’s obstacles

15. Born in 1642 Newton was and English mathematics professor • Published works explaining the three laws of motion • Universal Law of Gravitation; explains why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits around the sun • Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravitational force Sir Isaac newton

16. First law; explains the law of inertia: every object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a separate outside object • Second law; explains that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon the force being applied to the object and its mass • Third law; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction • Used these three laws to help explain gravitational pull. Why do things fall to the Earth? • Gravitational pull is dependent upon the mass of the planet Newton’s laws

17. Sir Isaac Newton’s discovery raised hopes that the entire universe acted according to certain fixed and fundamental laws.

18. Better understanding of human anatomy • Heart is the beginning of circulation of blood • Dissecting humans led to description and function of human organs • Antoine Lavoisier inventing the system for naming chemical elements still used today. Founder of modern chemistry Medicine and chemistry

19. The scientific method is a process whereby scientists observe nature and make hypotheses (educated guesses). • Scientists then test their hypotheses through experiments. • A scientist must prove his hypothesis or he cannot claim it is true. The Scientific Method

20. Make an Observation or form a question • Do background research • Form a Hypothesis. ... • Conduct an Experiment to test your hypothesis • Analyze the Data and Draw a Conclusion. • Communicate your results or try again Scientific method

22. Francis Bacon; English philosopher that began using inductive reasoning • Scientists should not rely on observations from ancient authorities • Scientists should proceed from the particular or specific to the general assumptions by using systematic observations and carefully organized experiments • Process should lead to correct general principles Inductive reasoning

24. What was the Scientific Revolution? • Why did scientists during the Scientific Revolution sometimes come into conflict with Church officials? • Describe the scientific method. • Who was Galileo Galilei and what did he believe? • Why did Sir Isaac Newton’s discovery of gravity raise scientists’ hopes? Questions for Reflection: