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IMMUNITY

IMMUNITY. THE ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE. NONSPECIFIC VS SPECIFIC. http://www.microbiologytext.com/ http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm. NONSPECIFIC. PHYSICAL BARRIERS CHEMICAL BARRIERS CELLULAR BARRIERS INFLAMMATION FEVER. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY.

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IMMUNITY

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  1. IMMUNITY THE ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE

  2. NONSPECIFIC VS SPECIFIC http://www.microbiologytext.com/ http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm

  3. NONSPECIFIC • PHYSICAL BARRIERS • CHEMICAL BARRIERS • CELLULAR BARRIERS • INFLAMMATION • FEVER

  4. SPECIFIC IMMUNITY • IMMUNE CELLS RECOGNIZE FOREIGN ANTIGENS • DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ELIMINATE THEM

  5. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY NATURAL VS ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE VS PASSIVE

  6. NATURALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY • DUE TO ANTIGENIC STIMULUS FROM INFECTION • ANTIBODIES • SENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTES • SHORT TERM TO LONG TERM • MEMORY CELLS MADE

  7. NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY • ANTIBODIES TRANSFERRED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT • ACROSS THE PLACENTA • Ig G • SHORT TERM IMMUNITY • IN THE CLOSTRUM AND MILK • IgA • AS LONG AS BABY IS NURSING • NO MEMORY CELLS ARE FORMED

  8. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY • VACCINATIONS/IMMUNIZATION • KILLED OR WEAKENED MICROBES • INACTIVATED TOXINS • COMPONENTS OF CAPSIDS, CAPSULES OR OTHER MICROBIAL COMPONENTS • VECTOR VACCINES • MEMORY CELLS ARE FORMED

  9. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY • TRANSFER OF ANTIBODIES FROM SOME OTHER ORGANISM • SHORT TERM IMMUNITY • NO MEMORY CELLS FORMED

  10. ANTIGENS • ANTIBODY GENERATING MOLECULES • IMMUNOGENS/ALLERGENS • SELF VS NONSELF • MARKERS ON CELLS, PROTEINS, VIRUSES AND ETC

  11. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGENS • LARGE • COMPLEX • PROTEINS • NUCLEOPROTEINS • POLYSACCHARIDES • GLYCOLIPIDS

  12. ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT SITES • SITES ON ANTIGEN THAT CAUSE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY • MONOVALENT • MULTIVALENT • HETEROPHILE OR HETEROLOGOUS

  13. HAPTENS • SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES • NOT ANTIGENIC BY ITSELF • MUST BIND TO CARRIER MOLECULE • PENICILLIN • NICKEL

  14. CELLS OF THE SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE LYMPHOCYTES

  15. LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION B CELL

  16. B CELLS • MADE IMMUNOCOMPETENT IN FETAL LIVER AND BONE MARROW

  17. PLASMA CELLS • DERIVED FROM B CELLS • RESPOND TO ANTIGEN BY SECRETING ANTIBODIES • HUMORAL DEFENSE • DEFEND AGAINST BACTERIA, BACTERIAL TOXINS AND VIRUSES FOUND IN BODY TISSUES

  18. PLASMA CELL

  19. ANTIBODIES • GLYCOPROTEINS • GAMMA GLOBULIN PORTION OF SERUM • DIFFER IN MOLECULAR SIZE, STRUCTURE, CHARGE, AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION • FIVE CLASSES

  20. IMMUNOGLOBULINS • IgA • IgD • IgE • IgG • IgM

  21. CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODIES • MOST ARE BIVALENT • CRYSTALIZABLE FRAGMENT (Fc) • ANTIBODY BINDING FRAGMENT (Fab) • FOUR POLYPEPTIDE BONDS • LIGHT AND HEAVY CHAINS • HEAVY CHAINS DETERMINE CLASS • FLEXIBLE HINGE REGION

  22. STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY MOLECULE

  23. ANTIBODY SUBCLASSES • Ig A • Ig G

  24. FUNCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS • ALL ARE BIFUNCTIONAL • Fab BINDS TO ANTIGEN • Fc BINDS TO COMPLENT AND CELLS • DOES NOT LEAD TO DIRECT DESTRUCTION • MARKS CELL FOR DESTRUCTION • ACTIVATES NONSPECIFIC RESPONSES

  25. IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES

  26. IMMUNOGLOBULIN G • MAJOR Ig IN SERUM • 70-75 % OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN POOL • ACTS AGAINST BACTERIA AND VIRUSES • OPSONIZING AND NEUTRALIZING • ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT • CROSSES PLACENTA

  27. SUBCLASSES OF IgG • Ig1 • Ig2 • Ig3 • Ig4 • VARY IN COMPOSITION AND NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF DISULFIDE BONDS

  28. IMMUNOGLOBULIN M • ABOUT 10 % OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN POOL • FOUND ONLY IN SERUM • MONOMERS, PENTAMERS, HEXAMERS • JOINING CHAINS • FIRST ANTIBODY PRODUCED • FOUND ON B CELL MEMBRANES

  29. FUNCTION OF IgM • FIRST ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE • AGGLUTINATES • ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT • BY CLASSICAL PATHWAY • OPSONIZES • MONOMERIC FORMS ARE FOUND ON SURFACE OF B LYMPHOCYTES • ACT AS RECEPTORS FOR ANTIGEN

  30. IMMUNOGLOBULIN A • 15 % OF POOL • MAINLY DIMER IN SERUM

  31. SECRETORY IgA • SECRETORY IMMUNE SYSTEM • SPECIAL SECRETORY COMPONENT • GI TRACT • RESPIRATORY TRACTS • GENITOURINARY TRACT • SALIVA • TEARS • SWEAT

  32. FUNCTION OF IgA • PROTECTS BODY SURFACES • IMMUNE EXCLUSION • BINDS TO TO ANTIGENS IN LAMINA PROPRIA • ACTIVATES COMPLEMENT BY ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

  33. IMMUNOGLOBULIN D • TRACE AMOUNTS IN SERUM • MAINLY FOUND ON B CELLS • REGULATES IMMUNE SYSTEM • MONOMER • MAY PLAY ROLE IN ELIMINATING SELF-REACTIVE AUTOANTIBODIES

  34. IMMUNOGLOBULIN E • LESS THAN 1% OF ANTIBODY • SKIN SENSITIZING • ANAPHYLACTIC • BINDS TO MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS • FIGHTS PARASITES

  35. ANTIBODY DIVERSITY • REARRANGEMENT OF EXONS • SOMATIC MUTATIONS • POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL EDITING • INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF LIGHT AND HEAVY CHAINS

  36. ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY • INFINITE NUMBER OF ANTIBODIES POSSIBLE • BASED ON B CELL CLONES

  37. CLONAL SELECTION THEORY • SMALL SET OF CELLS THAT CAN RESPOND TO ANTIGEN • ALL ARE PRESENT IN FETUS • ANTIGEN SELECTS THE APPROPRIATE CLONE • EFFECTOR AND MEMORY CELLS ARE PRODUCED

  38. PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE • INITIAL CHALLENGE • LAG PHASE • LOG PHASE • PLATEAU • PASTEUR PHASE • LOW ANTIBODY AFFINITY

  39. SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE • ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE • PROVIDES IMMUNITY • CLONES OF B OR T MEMORY CELLS • SHORTER LOG PHASE • HIGH ANTIBODY AFFINITY

  40. SPECIAL TYPES OF ANTIBODIES

  41. POLYCLONAL VS MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Monoclonals.html

  42. IMMUNOTOXINS

  43. CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES • PART HUMAN --- PART MOUSE • VARIABLE REGION—MOUSE • CONSTANT REGION HUMAN • 66% HUMAN • LESS TOXIC

  44. HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES • THE ANTIGEN BINDING SITE IS THE ONLY PORTION OF THE ANTIBODY THAT CONTAINS MOUSE PROTEINS • 90% IS HUMAN

  45. FULLY HUMAN ANTIBODIES • TRANSGENIC MICE • GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICE CONTAIN HUMAN ANTIBODY GENES • WOULD PRODUCE FULLY HUMAN ANTIBODIES • MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO PRODUCE THEM TO MATCH THE SPECIFIC PATIENT

  46. CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES • USED TO TRANSFORM SIMPLE COMPOUNDS • BLOOD CLOTS INHEART

  47. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT TOXIN NEUTRALIZATION VIRAL NEUTRALIZATION AHERANCE INHIBITION PARASITIC INFECTIONS ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXITY OPSONIZATION REGULATING INFLAMMATION IMMUNE COMPLEX ANTIBODY FUNCTION

  48. FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT • MEDIATE INFLAMMATION • CHEMOTAXIS • PHAGOCYTE ACTIVATION • CYTOLYSIS • OPZONIZATION • ACTIVATION OF OTHER IMMUNE CELLS

  49. COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION • COMPLEMENT MAKES UP A MAJOR PORTION OF SERUM

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