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The Respiratory System: Functions and Regulation

Learn how the respiratory system supplies oxygen, defends against invaders, produces sounds, and regulates pH balance. Explore external and internal respiration, cellular respiration, and the intricate mechanisms that control breathing.

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The Respiratory System: Functions and Regulation

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  1. The Respiratory System • Supplies oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide • Defending body against micro-organism invasion • Producing sounds for speaking • Assists in control of body fluid pH

  2. Components of Respiration • Breathing is process by which oxygen is taken in from external environment • Involves inhalation and exhalation • Three types of respiration: • External respiration • Internal respiration • Cellular respiration

  3. External Respiration • Lungs are site of external respiration involving exchange of gases across respiratory surface between alveoli and blood • Respiratory surface must be moist so that diffusion can occur • Circulatory system functions as a link between different components of respiration

  4. Internal Respiration • Is the exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and individual cells of tissue • O2 diffuses out of the blood and CO2 diffuses in • This exchange allows cellular respiration to occur

  5. Cellular Respiration • Process occurs on the cellular level in mitochondria • Uses oxygen to aid in harvesting of energy from food molecules • Product is ATP and waste is CO2

  6. Regulation of Breathing • Breathing is an involuntary activity controlled through a negative feedback loop between chemoreceptors that detect changes in the pH of the blood in the medulla oblongata in the brain and the lungs • When CO2 mixes with water it forms carbonic acid which breaks down into HCO3- and H+ causing blood pH to drop

  7. Drop in pH causes the medulla oblongata to relay messages to the muscles of the diaphragm and rib cage to stimulate breathing • Breathing expels excess carbon dioxide and restores blood pH to normal inactivating the chemoreceptors

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