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Personality problems

Personality problems. Lecture contents. Trait approaches Psychodynamic approaches Cognitive approaches A comparison between psychodynamic and cognitive approaches Humanistic approaches. Wiggins’ Circumplex of Interpersonal Behaviour Trapnell & Wiggins (1990).

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Personality problems

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  1. Personality problems

  2. Lecture contents • Trait approaches • Psychodynamic approaches • Cognitive approaches • A comparison between psychodynamic and cognitive approaches • Humanistic approaches

  3. Wiggins’ Circumplex of Interpersonal BehaviourTrapnell & Wiggins (1990)

  4. Mapping personality disordersWiggins & Pincus (1989)

  5. Psychodynamic Anxiety • From threat to self. • Stems from repetition of earlier trauma. • May be focused or free-floating.

  6. Psychodynamic psychopathology • Inappropriate frustration can lead to fixation or regression. • Instinct-expression anxiety conflict. • Defence mechanisms and possibly symptoms.

  7. Behaviour Change • Developmental changes. • Following psychopathology, requires ‘insight’. • Transference and transference neuroses employed in therapy.

  8. Crick et al. (1994)

  9. Tang & DeRubeis (1999) • 62 clinically depressed out-patients received up to 20 CBT sessions. • BDI prior to each session and at follow-ups. • 24 patients exhibited ‘sudden gains’ preceded by exceptional cognitive changes. • These patients better off at end of treatment and up to 18 months after it (next slide)

  10. Sudden gains in CBT

  11. Sudden gains in CBTTang & DeRubeis (1999)

  12. Tang & DeRubeis (1999)

  13. Jones & Pulos (1993)

  14. Jones & Pulos (1993)

  15. Jones & Pulos (1993) • Psychodynamic technique • Deep experience of emotions • Interpretation of fears and defences • Cognitive Behavioural technique • Teaching and homework • Patient resistance • Rejection of relationship or interpretations • Patient negative affect (and self-evaluation)

  16. Rogers (1956/1992) • “For constructive personality change to occur” the following conditions are necessary and sufficient: • A client exists with symptoms, stemming from incongruence. • Client will also have, or be vulnerable to, anxiety, which stems from “dim” awareness of the incongruence and of its threat to the self-concept. • A congruent therapist exists. • Psychological contact occurs between the needy client and the congruent therapist. • The therapist experiences and successfully communicates unconditional positive regard for the client. • The therapist accurately experiences and successfully communicates empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. • “No other conditions are necessary. If these six [?] conditions exist, and continue over a period of time, this is sufficient. The process of constructive personality change will follow.”

  17. Unconditional positive regard • “To the extent that the therapist finds himself experiencing a warm acceptance of each aspect of the client's experience as being a part of that client, he is experiencing unconditional positive regard”

  18. Empathy • “the therapist is experiencing an accurate, empathic understanding of the client's awareness of his own experience. To sense the client's private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the "as if" quality–this is empathy.”

  19. Thank youRespect yourself

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