Landscape Architecture (EAPS4303) Lecturer 2 Arranging & Designing a Site: Landscape Works Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf

1. University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning Landscape Architecture (EAPS4303) Lecturer 2 Arranging & Designing a Site: Landscape Works Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

2. Meanings & Understandings • Landscape is concerned with conceptual, scientific & design approaches to land use. • It emphasises both ecological & a good place-making as well as understanding of a multi-disciplinary approach to analysing a site planning & its design . Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

3. Landscaped Areas • Used to frame, soften & embellish the quality of the environment/a place • Buffer units from noise or undesirable views • Break up large expanses of parking • Separate frontage roads within the development from public streets To achieve landscape objective, vertical elements; trees & tall shrubs, in addition to ground cover are needed providing shading & climatic cooling. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

4. Landscape Design Standard • All areas not covered by structures, drives parking or hardscape shall be landscaped • A minimum of 15 % of the site shall be landscaped + up to 30% of outdoor area • Major landscape areas are: 1. Public areas: visible from front house including side walks, drives & front entrance 2. Service area: less attractive garden project including garbage cans, clothes lines, compost heap, tool shed, storage shed, & etc 3. Private (living) area: central area of landscape activity Major landscape area Pedestrian Landscape Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

5. Landscape for Screening & Privacy • Used to maximize the privacy of adjacent units using shrubs of 4.5 to 5 m tall, natural levelling & appropriate distance. • A minimum of 20% of trees used for screening purposes shall include 24 inch box size when installed. • Used to frame views into open space areas Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

6. History of Landscape Architecture • The history of landscape architecture is related to the history of gardening but is not coextensive: both arts are concerned with the composition of planting, landform, water, paving and other structures. However: • garden design is essentially concerned with enclosed private space (parks, gardens & etc) • landscape design is concerned with the design of enclosed space, as well as unenclosed space which is open to the public: such as town squares, country parks, park systems, pedestrians, open space, & etc. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

7. History of Landscape Architecture • The Romans undertook landscape architecture on an extensive scale, and Vitruvius wrote on many topics, such as the layout of towns, which still concern landscape architects. • As with other arts, it was not until the Renaissance that garden design was revived, with outstanding examples including the pleasure grounds at the Villa d’Este, Tivoli. • The renaissance gardening developed throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, reaching an ultimate grandeur in the work of André le Nôtre at Vaux-le-Vicomte and Versailles. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

8. History of Landscape Architecture • In the 18th century, England became the focus of a new style of landscape design. Figures such as William Kent, Humphry Repton, and in particular Lancelot 'Capability' Brown remodelled the great estate parks of the English gentry to resemble a neat and tidy version of nature. • Many of these parks remain today. The term 'landscape architecture' was first used by the Scotsman Gilbert Laing Meason in the title of his book on The Landscape Architecture of the Great Painters of Italy (London, 1828): It was about the type of architecture found in landscape paintings. The term of "landscape architecture" was then taken up by JC Loudon and AJ Downing. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

9. History of Landscape Architecture19th Century Development • In 19th century, urban planning became more important than ever before, and it was the combination of modern planning with the tradition of landscape gardening that gave Landscape Architecture its unique focus. • In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have an impact on the practices of Landscape Architecture until today: Among these parks were Central Park in New York, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and Boston's so called Emerald Necklace park system. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

10. Current Development • Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and has responded to many of the movements related to design and architecture through the 20th century. • Today, a healthy level of innovation continues to provide challenging approach to design for streetscapes, parks and gardens: The work of Martha Schwartz in the US, and in Europe designs such as Schouwburgplein in Rotterdam by the Dutch design group West 8 are just two particular examples. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

11. Gardening • Elements included in gardening are: Entrance area Pergola Lightening Fence/boundary Pedestrian circulation Playground for children Service area Sunny & shadowed area Watering surface (Fountain, pool, & etc) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

12. System of Gardening • Regular System • ويكون التماثل ثنائيا أو رباعيا أو دائريا • ففي التماثل الثنائي يقسم الموقع إلى قسمين بمحور طولي وينسق كل منهما مماثلا للآخر وتكون الممرات متوازية الأضلاع والأحواض مربعة أو مستطيلة . • أما في التماثل الرباعي فيقسم الموقع إلى أربعة أقسام بمحورين متعامدين وتنسيق الأقسام بطريقة واحدة ويتبع هذا النظام في الأرض المستوية المربعة أو المستطيلة . • وفي التماثل الدائري يراعي التكرار بأشكال دائرية أو بيضاوية حول مجسم زينة أو نافورة أو حوض وسطي للأزهار ، وفي الحدائق المتناظرة تكون المسطحات قائمة الزوايا أو بأشكال هندسية منتظمة وتكون الممرات مستقيمة متناسبة مع أحواض الزهور في شكلها وترتيبها وتزينها مثل هذه الحدائق بالممرات المرصوفة والمعرشات والنوافير ومجسمات الزينة. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

13. System of Gardening Natural System • وتصمم الحدائق كتقليد للطبيعة بدون تماثل أو تناظر وتكثر فيها الخطوط المنحنية والممرات المتعرجة وقد تكون بعض الخطوط مستقيمة . • ويكون توزيع النباتات بالصدفة وتمثل الحدائق غير المتناظرة المنحدرات والوديان الطبيعية و أحيانا يساء استعمال هذا النوع من التخطيط لجهل في قواعده الفنية نتيجة لارتجاليات تبعد الحديقة عن روح البساطة والجمال • وعادة يفضل الطراز الطبيعي في تخطيط المتنزهات والحدائق العامة ذات المساحات الكبيرة Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008

14. System of Gardening Modern system • وهذا النظام يجمع بين الطبيعة من ناحية وبعض الصور أو الأشكال الهندسية من ناحية أخرى • أي انه يحرر الخطوط الهندسية من حدتها أو قسوتها ويطوعها للبساطة ولإمكانية المعيشة خارج البيت. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 15.06.2008