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The Industrial Revolution. What is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods - transformed how people did work When/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’s Soon spread to Continental Europe and North America -Made possible by the Agricultural Revolution.
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The Industrial Revolution
What is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods- transformed how people did work When/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’s Soon spread to Continental Europe and North America-Made possible by the Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution
Wealthy landowners bought up small farms- Enclosure Movement This enabled: Forced small land owners off their farms and they moved to the cities Experimented with new agricultural processes JethroTull-seed drill Charles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 crop Robert Bakewell-Selective breeding Results in increase food production-increased population The Agricultural Revolution
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
Land, Labor and Wealth Land-(Natural resources)- source of power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportation Labor- (Human Resources) population increases from agricultural production, people in cities Wealth-(Capital)Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding economy Factors of Production
Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen) Each new invention leads to another All designed to make cloth more quickly Eventually hand labor replaced by power- first water then steam Invention-Technological Advances
New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”
Steam Engine- James Watt Steam Boat- Robert Fulton- The Clermont First- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quickly Entrepreneur- Person who organizes takes on the risk of business John McAdam- “paved roads” Improvements inTransportation
After 1820- Railroads were the key George Stephenson-Rocket- 24 mph Made transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factories Railroads
Mixed Blessing- improved many aspects of life, but caused many problems Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobs, etc. Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities) IndustrializationSection 2
Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.
Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditions Average work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous-especially coal mines Problems of Industrialization
Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.
Lots of working poor, but the emergence of the middle-class Nouveau Riche–”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workers Later doctors, lawyers, managers Growing poor-unskilled workers- replaced by machines Luddites-Smashed machines Class Tensions
The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Created jobs, created wealth, foster technological invention and progress, increased the production of goods and raised the “standard of living” Healthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobs Eventually led to labor unions-improved lives of factory workers Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Dangerous and poor working conditions pollution slums disease, lack of adequate medical care. Child labor abuses Increasing class of working poor Negative Effectsof Industrialization
Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
