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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution. Key questions for this Unit. What circumstances led to the Industrial Revolution? What role did technology play? What economic & social conditions arose? What political reforms emerged?. The Industrial Revolution. Began in 1750’s in Britain Time period where:

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution

  2. Key questions for this Unit • What circumstances led to the Industrial Revolution? • What role did technology play? • What economic & social conditions arose? • What political reforms emerged?

  3. The Industrial Revolution • Began in 1750’s in Britain • Time period where: • Means of production shifted from hand tools to complex machines • Human/animal power to steam power • Domestic System (Cottage Industries) to factory system

  4. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Agrarian /AgriculturalRevolution- Changes in Methods of Farming • Technology- Seed Drill, Dikes, Fertilizer • Enclosure- Fencing off large tracts of land making farming more efficient • Improves food production

  5. 2. Population Explosion- 1700’s European pop.reaches 190 million • People eat better, healthier babies,better medical care • More Demand for goods

  6. Enclosure Movement

  7. 3. Energy Revolution- • Water wheels power new machines • Coal used to fuel steam engine • Faster production of goods

  8. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

  9. Factors of Production Vital to Industrialization • Land • Labor • Capital

  10. Land Natural Resources Rivers Harbors

  11. Labor Population Explosion Unemployed Farmers

  12. Capital Strong Economy Overseas empire Willing investors Political/financial stability Business friendlygovernment

  13. Textile Industry Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny Waterframe Spinning Mule PowerLoom Cotton Gin Steam Engine

  14. Transportation Industry Steamboat-Robert Fulton Macadam Roads-Turnpikes Railroads- Promoted other industries

  15. Not the LIRR

  16. British Advantages • Factors of Production- Land, Labor, & Capital • Geography • Population growth & change • Capital for investment • Role of Government

  17. 1. Geography • Large amount of Natural Resources • Coal & Iron Ore • Rivers • Transportation & power • Island Nation • Many natural Harbors for trade

  18. 2. Population Growth & Change • High availability of Labor • Growth in population • Fewer farm laborers needed

  19. 3. Capital for Investment • Overseas empire made economy strong (Natural Resources & Markets) • Middle class willing to invest in mines, railroads & factories

  20. 4. Role of Government • Stable government • Good banking system • Promoted experimentation • Passed laws to protect business

  21. Industrialization

  22. Industrialization changes ways of Life From To Rural Society Based on Agriculture Urban Society based on manufacturing

  23. Urbanization • Shift from rural to city life • Growth of factories bring job seekers • Domestic SystemFactory System • Cities grow near sources of energy • Cities double/triple in size • Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham

  24. Working Conditions • Change from Cottage Industries to Factory System • Unsafe Conditions/dangerous machinery • Long Hours/six days a week • Little ventilation • Child Labor • Low Wages • Harsh punishment

  25. Living Conditions • Lacked adequate housing • Dirty one room tenements & row houses • No running water • No police force • Unsanitary conditions • Unpaved streets/pollution • No sewage or sanitation systems • Disease spread rapidly

  26. Industrial Society • Industrial Revolution brought new wealth • Rich middle class emerged • Wealthy Merchants & Factory owners grew wealthier than landowners & aristocrats • Upper Middle Class • Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers

  27. Lower middle class • Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers • Wealth did not trickle down • Lower class workers remained poverty stricken • Resentful mobs rioted • Luddites-Groups of resentful workers who smashed machines that put them out of work,

  28. Economic Philosophies & the Industrial Revolution • Progress increased gap between rich & poor • Some felt government should stay out of business & economic affairs • Others felt government should play an active role

  29. Adam Smith • “Wealth of Nations” (1776) • Promoted Laissez Faire capitalism economics (Let do) • Capitalism- money is invested in business to make a profit • Business should operate w/ little or no govt. interference

  30. David Malthus • An Essay on the Principle of population (1798) • Population will increase more rapidly than food supply • W/out wars or epidemics most would become poor & miserable

  31. David Ricardo • Principles of Political Economy & Taxation (1817) • Permanent underclass would be poor • Wages would be forced down as population increased • Smith, Ricardo & Malthus were all against government involvement

  32. The Rise of Socialism • Free market capitalism created social inequality • Government must take action to improve people’s lives • Concentrated on the interests of society rather than the individual • Farms & businesses should belong to all the people not individuals

  33. Utilitarianism • Government actions are only useful if they promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people • Promoted by Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill

  34. Utopian Socialism • Sought to create self- sufficient communities • All property & work would be shared • Since all wealth would be equal- fighting would end • Robert Owen

  35. New Harmony Indiana

  36. Marxist Socialism • “The Communist Manifesto” (1848) by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels • Scientific Socialism • Ideas would inspire communist revolutions in China, Russia, & Cuba

  37. Basic Ideas • History was a struggle between wealthy capitalist & working class • The Haves Vs. The Have Nots • Capitalist (Bourgeoisie) took advantage of the Proletariat (Working Class) • Proletariat would eventually rise up & overthrow capitalist society • A “dictatorship of the Proletariat” would rule

  38. Means of production would be owned by the people • Wealth would be shared equally • Eventually government would wither away & a classless society would emerge • Marxismlost its appeal in 1800’s as working conditions improved

  39. Unionization & Legislative Reform • Voluntary associations known as unions pushed for labor reforms in the 1800’s • Spoke for all workers in a particular trade • Engaged in collective bargaining • Negotiations between labor & management

  40. If negotiations broke down members would strike • First Unions were skilled workers & benefited the middle class • At first Unions were outlawed • Combinations Act of 1799 & 1800 • Viewed as a threat to social order • After 1825 Unions were tolerated

  41. Reform Laws • Factory Act of 1833-Minimum age & maximum hours for children • Mines Act of 1842- Women & children could not work underground • Ten Hours Act- limited the workday for women & children

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