CHAPTER 6 & 7 ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE

2. CHAPTER 6 & 7 ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE • You can work with me on the study guide or you can study on your own. • I HIGHLY RECOMMEND you work with me to ensure you understand these concepts completely

3. Cells Versus Atoms What is similar about them? • _________________ are the building blocks for chemistry and _________________ are the building blocks for life What are “atoms” and “cells”

4. Molecules into Structures • Who cares about carbon? Why? • Carbon is essential to life because it has a unique ability to: What is bond with other structures due to the four available valence electrons

5. What is covalent Molecules into Structures • Who cares about carbon? Why? • Carbon forms ______________ kind of bonds

6. Molecules into Structures • Who cares about carbon? Why? • Covalent bonds are crucial because they are __________ in water and have the _____________ bond strength What are insoluble or not soluble and strongest

7. What are the most common elements in living organisms? Calcium Oxygen Carbon Sodium Silicon Glue Sulfur Uranium Hydrogen Helium Phosphorus Gum Nitrogen

8. What are the most common elements in living organisms? What are: Sulfur Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus

9. Organic Molecules • When molecules are built in chains or rings of carbon atoms they are said to be What are organic molecules or carbon-based molecules

10. What are types of organic molecules • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are considered to be

11. Organic Molecules • DEFINITION: Also known as fat, oil, fatlike these organic compounds are compound usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure. • FUNCTIONS: Most important in plasma membrane. Provides long term energy storage, produce more than 2x energy as glucose What are lipids

12. Organic Molecules What are Nucleic Acids • Definition: This organic compound describes DNA or RNA, is composed of nucleotides • Functions: are in important for coding instructions for the cell processes, store and transmit hereditary information, carry the instructions for ALL CELL FUNCTIONS

13. What are Proteins Organic Molecules • DEFINTION: These organic molecules are composed of amino acids. Most structural materials and enzymes in a cell are these. • FUNCTION: messengers and receivers of messages between cells, defend against disease, structural components of cells, enzymes assist in reactions that occur in cells

14. Organic Molecules • Definitions: These are organic compound made of C, H, and O. Examples are glucose, sugars, starches, and cellulose. • Function: Provide quick Energy, Store energy, provide support and structure What are carbohydrates

15. SIMPLE OR COMPLEX, WHAT ARE YOU? • STARCH/CELLULOSE • Complex carbohydrates are also known as starches and are made of three or more linked sugars. Simple carbs joined into larger molecules • GLUCOSE: C6H12O6 • Simple carbohydrates are also called simple sugars and are chemically made of one or two sugars. • Glucose is used by cells as a main source of energy.

16. Energy Reserves in Plant and Animals • ____________ organic compound produce twice as much energy as ___________________ What are lipids and carbohydrates

17. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

18. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • simple organism without nucleus: an organism whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus, e.g. a bacterium What are Prokaryotes

19. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes What are Eukaryotes • organisms with visible nuclei: any organism with one or more cells that have visible nuclei and organelles

20. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Bigger Smaller Complex Appendages Simple Appendages Flagella Cell Wall Simple when present Cell Wall Complex No Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Cytoskeleton No Membrane Bound Organelles Membrane Bound Organelles Cell Division Cytoplasm Unbound Nucleoid Membrane Bound Nucleus and Nucleolus Ribosome Chromosome

21. Cell Anatomy: Animals versus Plants Animal cells and Plant Cells Similarities and Differences

22. Plant V Animal ____ have a cell wall What are plants

23. Plant V Animal ____ have a centriole What are Animals

24. Plant V Animal ___ have a chloroplast What are plants

25. Cell Anatomy: Animals versus Plants

26. Movement Through Membranes

27. Osmosis and Diffusion Similarities and Differences

28. What is diffusion Movement Through Membranes By definition is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

29. Movement Through Membranes What is osmosis By definition is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

30. Movement Through Membranes Osmosis Diffusion Molecules go through a semipermeable membrane. Just add water Molecules spread over a large area Everything but water Molecules move around to create an equilibrium. Move from High to Low concentrations

31. The concentrations of molecules at various points separate high concentrations from low create a boundary called a concentration gradient • There is a concentration gradient because of the differences in concentration What is the Concentration Gradient

32. Passive and Active Transport

33. Passive and Active Transport What is Active Transport Requires energy to move from low concentrations to high

34. Passive and Active Transport What is Passive Transport Requires no energy to move from high concentrations to low

35. What is Passive Transport Passive and Active Transport Diffusion is what kind of transport

36. What is Passive Transport Passive and Active Transport Osmosis is what kind of transport

37. What is facilitated diffusion Passive and Active Transport Requires transport proteins but still requires no energy is what

38. What is Passive, Osmosis Active versus Passive Transport • Water?

39. What is Active Transport Active versus Passive Transport Sodium?

40. What is Passive, Diffusion Active versus Passive Transport • Oxygen?

41. What is Passive, facilitated diffusion Active versus Passive Transport if passive which one? • Glucose?

42. Active versus Passive Transport • Glucose • Cannot move easily because it is large. But can pass through with Passive Transport with the facilitated diffusion • Water • Can move easily because it is small. Uses Osmosis, which is Passive Transport • Oxygen • Can move easily because it is small and moves through diffusion (Passive Transport) • Sodium • Use Active Transport, requiring Energy to move against the concentration gradient as well as with it. In animal cells the concentration of sodium ions is greater outside the cell

43. Membranes. What are they and what are they used for?

44. Membranes. What are they and what are they used for? What is allowing materials in/out of cell • _______________is the function of a cell membrane

45. Membranes. What are they and what are they used for? • the property of cell membranes which only allows certain materials in/out of a cell is called What is semipermeable

46. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic?

47. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is hypotonic • ___________: Concentration of solutes is greater INSIDE cell than outside

48. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is Isotonic • ___________: Concentration of solutes is equal inside cell than outside

49. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is Hyperonic • ___________: Concentration of solutes is Less inside cell than outside

50. Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is Isotonic