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Musculoskeletal System: Support, Protection, Movement Functions

Learn about the structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system, types of muscle tissues, muscle actions, organization of skeletal muscles, and the sliding filament theory. Explore muscle fiber stimulation, slow and fast twitch fibers, muscle cramps, and their causes and treatments.

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Musculoskeletal System: Support, Protection, Movement Functions

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  1. The Musculoskeletal SystemSupport, Protection, Movement and Locomotion

  2. Functions • Motion • Maintenance of posture • Heat production • Protection of internal organs

  3. Origin of muscle tissue • Forms from the mesoderm germ layer • Triploblasts simplest: flatworms • Segmentation  annelids, arthropods, vertebrates

  4. Types of muscle tissue • Skeletal • Attached to bones • Striated and voluntary • Cardiac • Heart wall • Highly branched • Striated and involuntary • Smooth • Walls of hollow internal structures • Nonstriated and involuntary • Striated • Voluntary movements • Longitudinal or circular in shape • Smooth • Involuntary movements Vertebrate muscles Invertebrate muscles

  5. Muscle action • Motion produced by action of muscles on bones  levers • Tendons attach muscles to bones (e.g. Achilles tendon) • 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion) • Fascia sheets that cover muscles • Muscles work in antagonistic or opposing pairs

  6. Organization of skeletal muscles

  7. Overview of the Sliding Filament Theory The muscle fiber is stimulated. Ca2+ ions are released. Thin filaments move to middle of sarcomere. Muscle fiber contracts. Muscle tension increases.

  8. Muscle twitch • Cycle of contraction and relaxation generated from one stimulus • All or none response of muscle fibers • Force Summation • Increasing # and size of fibers contracting • Increasing frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers

  9. Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers • Slow Twitch • More ATP from aerobic respiration • Continuous extended contractions over time • More myoglobin • Fast Twitch • Anaerobic metabolism (creatine phosphate and lactic acid fermentation) • Short bursts of speed • Fatigue quickly

  10. Muscle and exercise

  11. Cramps • Painful sensations caused by contraction/ overshortening of muscles • Causes • Hyperflexion • Inadequate oxygenation • Changes in temperature • Dehydration • Low amount of electrolytes in blood • Treatment • Correct breathing • Increasing intake of water and electrolytes

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