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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Telecommunication Architectures and Standard. Agenda. Network architectures & standards Standard-making organizations Pros and cons of standards Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) TCP/IP Manufacturer architecture Pros and cons of architecture. Network Architectures.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Telecommunication Architectures and Standard

  2. Agenda • Network architectures & standards • Standard-making organizations • Pros and cons of standards • Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) • TCP/IP • Manufacturer architecture • Pros and cons of architecture

  3. Network Architectures • Design principles for • Functions • Data format • Procedures • Describe “what”

  4. Communication Standards • Rules for compatibility • Specify “how”

  5. Needs for Architectures and Standards • Complex communication systems • Maintenance and future growth • Connectivity between network devices • Distributed processing systems • Diagnostic and performance management

  6. Standards-Making Organizations • International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Section (ITU-T) • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) • American National Standard Institute (ANSI) • Electrical Industries Association (EIA) • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

  7. Standards • V. • Connection of digital equipment to telephone analog line • X. • Connection of digital equipment to telephone digital line • X.400 • Allow communication between incompatible electronic mail systems • X.500 • Create and maintain a directory of e-mail users and their network addresses

  8. Pros and Cons of Standards • Pros • Compatibility between vendors • Fewer products • Cons • Slow processing • Obsolescence • Freezing technology • Discouraging innovation

  9. Open System Interconnection Model • International Organization for Standardization • Interconnection of Dissimilar Network • Seven Layers • Application • Presentation • Session Control • Transport Control • Network Control • Data Link Control • Physical Link Control

  10. Application Layer • Determine data to be send at originating end • Process data at receiving end

  11. Presentation Layer • Change data format • Compression/expansion • Encryption/decryption

  12. Session Control Layer • Communication rules • Rate of transmission • Accounting functions

  13. Transport Control Layer • Identify receiving address • Calculate and check checksum of entire message

  14. Network Control Layer • Route message • Dissemble and assemble data (transmission unit) • Accounting functions

  15. Data Link Control Unit • Determine line usage • Establish link between two ends • Detect and correct transmission error • Add header and trailer • Divide data unit for transmission

  16. Physical Link Control Layer • Hardware specification • Electrical characteristics

  17. TCP/IP Protocol • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol • Advanced Research Project Agency • ARPANET

  18. TCP/IP Structure • Application layer • User application • Transport layer (TCP protocol) • Communication, error-checking procedure • Internet layer (IP protocol) • Routing • Network access layer • Connection • Physical • Physical & electrical interface

  19. Manufacturers’ Architecture • Objectives • Base for future products • Control customers • Types • IBM: Systems Network Architecture (SNA) • Digital Equipment Corporation: Digital Network Architecture (DNA)

  20. Pros and Cons of Layered Architectures • Pros • Modularize structure for simplify maintenance • Specify interfaces for easy change & future growth • Cons • Complex Rules • Cost of sophisticated intelligence • Complex software

  21. Points to Remember • Network architectures & standards • Standard-making organizations • Pros and cons of standards • Open System Interconnection Model (OSI) • TCP/IP • Manufacturer architecture • Pros and cons of architecture

  22. Discussion • What are your thoughts on selecting network equipment for an organization?

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