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The Persian Wars a nd The Peloponnesian Wars

The Persian Wars a nd The Peloponnesian Wars. Democracy in Athens. Draco 7 th Century BC Draconian law code – death for almost all crimes Birthright government Solon 630-558 BC established wealth-based democratic government Defined citizenship. The Persian Wars.

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The Persian Wars a nd The Peloponnesian Wars

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  1. The Persian Wars and The Peloponnesian Wars

  2. Democracy in Athens • Draco 7th Century BC • Draconian law code – death for almost all crimes • Birthright government • Solon 630-558 BC established wealth-based democratic government • Defined citizenship

  3. The Persian Wars • Reported by Herodotus, the father of history • Acahemenidkings of Persia • Wars between Greeks and Persians in 5th century BC • Roughly from 492 – 448 BC

  4. Map of Persian Empire

  5. Battle of Marathon • Ionian revolt and other battles • 490 BC - Darius I “The Great” sent about 25,000 men to plains of Marathon • Darius preceded by Cyrus the Great and Cambyses • 10,000 Athenians and Plataeans under Callinachus and Miltiades • First victory for Greeks

  6. Battle at Thermopylae, 480 BC • Xerxes – King of Persia, son of Darius I • 70,000 Persians bridged the Hellespont • 10,000 “Immortals” • Themistocles led navy at Athens • Athens and Sparta form alliance • Decide to defend at Thermopylae • Leonidas I and 300 Spartans and 1000 Boetians • Naval battle at Artemesium fought at same time • Allies lost both battles

  7. Map of Battle of Thermopylae

  8. Battle of Salamis, also 480 BC • Athens evacuated after Thermopylae • Athens taken and burned • Navy waiting around island Salamis • Themistocles’ trick • Confined waters around Salamis • Egyptians, Phoenecians, Ionian Greeks with Persians • 40 Greek ships lost, 200 Persian ships lost • Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus •  "My men have become women, and my women men."

  9. Battle of Plataea, 479 BC • Xerxes I had left a land army under Mardonius • Spartans and Athenians rode up • Met at isthmus of Corinth • Mardonius fled • Other regions rebelled from Persia

  10. The Delian League, 478 BC • Ionian city-states joined for mutual protection • Treasuary on island of Delos, Aristides leads Athens • Athens in charge due to naval supremacy • Pericles leads Athens during Golden Age • Parthenonbuilt on Acropolis • Long Walls built • Sparta captures Athens in 404 BC

  11. Peloponnesian Wars • Thucydides • Begins in 431 BC between Athens and Sparta • 429 BC – Pericles dies of plague • Three stage war • Most of Delian League sided with Sparta • 404 BC – Sparta wins war with defeat of Athenian navy at Aegospotami by Lysander with help from Persia • Lysander installs 30 rulers at Athens, later known as the “30 Tyrants”

  12. The Thirty Tyrants, 404 BC • Spartan hegemony – indirect imperial dominance • Long Walls destroyed • Athenian oligarchy (pro-Spartan) appointed by Sparta led by Critias • Only lasted 13 months • Leading democrats exiled • Council of 500 were the judiciary • Only 3000 Athenian had citizenship • Many sentenced to hemlock including Socrates

  13. End of Thirty Tyrants • Other city-states helped exiled democrats • Retook Piraeus by force • Sparta did not come to help • Democracy restored in 403 BC • Battle of Leuctra 371 BC – Thebans over Spartans • Macedonia • Philip II

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