Ch. 26: An Age of Democracy and Progress

1. Sec.1: Democratic Reform and Activism Ch. 26: An Age of Democracy and Progress

2. Background • - In addition to worker reforms and reforms that help the poor, many people began to call for political reforms as well. They felt people should have a greater voice in the government. • - Since the 1600’s, Great Britain has had a constitutional monarchy but it wasn’t a true democracy as only land-owners could vote • - Women could not vote at all • - Seats in the House of Lords were inherited, not won in an election

3. Reform • Suffrage – the right to vote • Reform Bill of 1832 – Gave wealthy middle-class men the right to vote. Mostly factory owners, bankers, and merchants

4. Chartists • Chartist Movement (1838)- A movement among workers and other groups who could not vote to gain more rights

5. Chartists • The Chartists pushed for: • - pay for parliament members – members were not paid so they had to be wealthy • - secret ballots • - annual elections • - do away with land-owning requirement • - By 1884 most males could vote • - By 1890’s all of the chartists demands had been met except annual elections

6. Queen Victoria • Queen Victoria – became queen in 1837 and ruled for almost 64 years. She presided over most of the political changes. • - The monarchy would have less power and parliament would have more • - women in Great Britain and the US did not get the right to vote until after WWI

7. France • France had many changes of government between 1871 – 1914 • The Third Republic – was set up in 1875 and lasted until WWI but it was never stable • The Dreyfus Affair – became a battleground for opposing French groups (Democracy vs Monarchy)

8. Dreyfus • Discuss Dreyfus Affair

9. Anti-Semitism • Anti-Semitism – prejudice against Jews • - Anti-Semitic feelings were strong in Europe, especially in the east • Pogrom – Organized campaigns of violence against Jews

10. Zionism • 1880’s – Many Jews fled Europe for the US or their Biblical home of Palestine • Zionism – A movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It began in the 1880’s

11. Sec. 2: Self-Rule for British Colonies

12. History • - By 1800 Great Britain had colonies all over the world. During the 1880’s, the colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were strong enough to stand on their own. • - In the 1600 – 1700’s Canada had been a French colony but it went to the Brits after the French and Indian War (1791) • - As a result, Canada had many French and English speaking people who did not always get along. The Brits created upper and lower Canada to separate them. • Canada was made into a dominion

13. History • Dominion – Has self-rule on domestic matters but remained part of the British empire • - Captain James Cook claimed New Zealand for Great Britain in 1769 and Australia in 1770. • Maori – Native Polynesian people of New Zealand. They settled there around 800 AD

14. Australia • Aborigines – Native people of Australia • 1788 – Great Britain used Australia as a penal colony • Penal colony – a place where convicts served their sentences • - Many convicts chose to stay in Australia after they had served their time

15. Australia • - Many other Brits also settled in Australia where they could purchase land cheaply • - Both Australia and New Zealand would become dominions but as more British settlers came, the rights of the native people lessened • - Many natives were wiped out by war and Europen diseases

16. Ireland • Ireland – p. 754 – 755 • Terms: • British Protestants vs Irish Catholics – illustrated the ethnic and religious differences • Northern Ireland (Ulster) vs Ireland – Ulster is the British name for Northern Ireland. It is where 2/3’s of the English live

17. Potato Famine • Potato Famine – 1840’s - the potato was the sole source of food but a fungus destroyed the crop. Out of 8 million people, 1 million died and another 1.5 million emigrated to the US, Canada, and Australia

18. IRA • Irish Republican Army(IRA) – A militant wing of the Irish who used violence to fight for independence • - In 1949 the Republic of Ireland was declared independent but the northern part is still a part of the UK

19. Sec. 3: War and Expansion in the United States

20. Expansion • - The US won its independence for Great Britain in 1781 and immediately began moving westward. The issue of states’ rights and slavery were already becoming divisive between the north and south • - By 1846 the US stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific

21. Expansion • Manifest Destiny – The idea that America had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • - Manifest Destiny was used as justification for expelling Native Americans from their tribal lands

22. Expansion • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 – made evictions official policy • - Many tribes were removed from their homes • Trail of Tears – Georgia’s Cherokee tribe was moved 800 miles to Oklahoma, mainly on foot. About a quarter of them died during the journey. • - As white settlers moved west, Indian removal would become common

23. Expansion • - War with Mexico (1846-1848) gave the US Texas, California, and parts of Arizona and New Mexico. The Gadsden Purchase from Mexico brought the continental US to its current boundaries • Westward expansion created tension between north and south regarding which laws should apply in the west

24. Slavery • North – had farming and industry and relied on free workers • South – was mainly agricultural and relied on slavery • Abraham Lincoln – became president in 1860 and promised to end slavery • - The southern states opposed Lincoln so they began to secede from the union. They believed in the rights of the state over those of the federal government

25. War • Secede – withdraw • April 12, 1861 – The Civil War began • - The south had superior military leadership but the north had a larger population, better transportation, greater resources, and more factories • April, 1865 – The south surrendered

26. History • Emancipation Proclamation – Issued by Lincoln declaring all slaves free. The south did not accept it as law at the time. • 13th Amendment – abolished slavery • 14th Amendment – Extended citizenship to all Americans • 15th Amendment – Gave former slaves (males) the right to vote

27. Post-war • - After the war the south was reluctant to accept these new laws and the races became segregated • Segregation – separation of Blacks and Whites • - Post-war immigration and the railroad enabled the US to grow and become and industrial power by 1914

28. Railroad • Transcontinental Railroad – completed in 1869, it linked California with the eastern US • The railroad allowed the movement of coal and iron ore to factories and the movement of cattle and crops to the rest of the country

29. Sec. 4: Nineteenth Century Progress

30. Progress • - The spinning Jenny and the steam engine were vital for the Industrial Revolution. By the late 1800’s, advances in industry and technology were occurring faster than ever.

31. Inventors • Thomas Edison – Had over 1,000 patents including the light bulb and the phonograph.He also “invented” the research laboratory

32. Inventors • Alexander Graham Bell – invented the telephone • Guglielmo Marconi – invented the wireless radio. This enabled Morse Code messages to be sent through the air with no wires needed. Soon all ships had a wireless radio

33. Inventors • Henry Ford – invented the automobile using interchangeable parts • Assembly Line – breaks complex assembly jobs into smaller tasks; also a Ford invention

34. Inventors • Wilbur and Orville Wright – started the aircraft industry • Louis Pasteur – discovered that bacteria led to disease. This led to the sanitization of surgical wards and a better survival rate among surgical patients.

35. Darwin • Charles Darwin – An English naturalist who attempted to explain the wide variety of plants and animals on the earth • - He suggested that all forms of life, including humans, evolved from earlier living forms over millions of years • - This ran counter to the belief of special creation – that every plant and animal had been created by God at the beginning of the world and remained the same since then

36. Darwin • - Darwin believed that members of a species survive because they are the fittest and they adapt to their environment. These adaptations are handed down to future generations and can change the species over a period of generations • Theory of Evolution – Darwin’s idea of change through natural selection • - This has caused much debate between science and religion

37. Yeah, Science! • Dmitri Mendeleev – Created the periodic table of elements • - He arranged them by weight and left gaps where he predicted new elements would be discovered

38. Curie • Pierre and Marie Curie – discovered the elements of radium and polonium and that they released a powerful for of energy • Radioactivity – The name given to this energy by Marie Curie in 1898

39. Psychology • Ivan Pavlov – Believed that human actions were often unconscious reactions to experiences and could be changed by training

40. Freud • Sigmund Freud – Believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and react. • - Freud believed that unconscious forces such as suppressed memories, desires, and impulses shape behavior • - Freud and Pavlov challenged the Enlightenment beliefs that reason was supreme • The Rise of Mass Culture – p. 766 - 767

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