America Becomes a Colonial Power

1. 1. Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern you and getting involved will only mean trouble. 2. Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the two students before they hurt each other. 3. Get into the fight on your friend’s side and punch out the former friend who owes you money since he deserves it. 4. Punch out both students to show the rest of the school who is the toughest kid on campus. Pick from the following answer and Write one paragraph telling me why you chose that answer One day at school you notice a huge ring of student jostling and pushing. As you get closer, you hear some of the students yelling “Fight!” Like the rest, you want to see what is happening. Finally finding a vantage point, you see two students threatening one another. One is a good friend; the other is a former friend and current enemy who owes you money. What will you do?

2. America Becomes a Colonial Power

3. Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?

4. The Lure of Imperialism • The Main Idea • The United States entered the imperialist competition later than the European powers but soon extended its influence in the Pacific region. • Points of Focus • What inspired the imperialist activity of the late 1800s? • How did the United States take control of Hawaii? • How did the United States gain influence in China? • How did the United States exert influence in Japan? • How did the United States gain Alaska?

5. The Industrial Revolution had increased wealth in many nations, causing them to look elsewhere for markets and opportunities for investment. An increase in trade had brought about the rise of large navies to protect trading interests. These navies needed strategically placed bases for refueling and repairs. Ideologies such as Social Darwinism justified European expansion into Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Several industrialized nations competed to gain territory throughout the world.

6. The Imperialists Great Britain France Belgium Germany Japan U.S. Ideology Nationalism, or love of one’s country Social Darwinism, a belief in the cultural superiority of western nations over less industrially developed nations Christian missionaries sought to convert believers of other faiths. The Imperialist Powers

7. Reasons Growing business Captain Alfred T. Mahan Believed that to be strong in the modern world the United States must sell its products to a global market. Believed that the U.S. should protect these foreign interest by building a powerful navy. A powerful navy would need to require colonies for overseas bases. Wrote a book entitled “New Navy” which furthered the imperialist appeal and propelled the modernization of the U.S. Navy, which began in 1883. From Expansionism to Imperialism

8. Reverend Josiah Strong was a Congregational minister and author. Wrote a book entitled “Our Country” Argued that God favored the Anglo-Saxon race. “It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill, is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future.” Imperialism and Racism

9. Rudyard Kipling Wrote a poem tilted, “Take of the White Man’s Burden” Referred to the notion that Anglo-Saxons had a duty to “lift up” peoples from non-European societies. Imperialism and Racism

10. Christian missionaries sought to convert believers of other faiths.

12. Japan

13. Japan was isolated and unindustrialized until the mid-1800s. Commodore Matthew Perry (No, not this Matthew Perry) brought four steamships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to pressure Japan to open its ports to trade. Japan quickly became an industrial and military power to compete with the West. Diplomacy and naval superiority help the U.S. gain influence in Japan.

14. Japan was isolated and unindustrialized until the mid-1800s. Commodore Matthew Perry brought four steamships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 to pressure Japan to open its ports to trade. Japan quickly became an industrial and military power to compete with the West. Diplomacy and naval superiority help the U.S. gain influence in Japan.

15. Alaska

16. William Seward, Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million.

17. Some thought it was silly and called it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly”

18. Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

20. How Hawaii was seen by Americans

21. British explorer James Cook first visited Hawaii in 1778. Hawaii was ideally located for coaling stations and bases for ships trading between the U.S. and Asia. American missionaries and others came to Hawaii and raised crops, particularly sugarcane. The sugar industry grew and gained influence and control. Sugar planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani with the help of the U.S. marines. Sugar tycoon Sanford Dole became president of the Republic of Hawaii. Taking Control of Hawaii

22. Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.

24. China

25. The Open Door Policy gives the United States an equal footing in China. • European powers gained spheres of influence-regions that were forced to grant them exclusive trade agreements and leases on land for military in China. • The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable China trade. • Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy, giving all nations equal trading rights in China. • Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer Rebellion in which Chinese nationalist sought to rid China of all foreign influence. • Western nations cooperated to quell the rebellion and continue exploitation of Chinese trade.

26. Spheres of Influence

27. The United States feared it would be shut out of the valuable China trade.

28. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy, giving all nations equal trading rights in China.

29. The Open Door Policy gives the United States an equal footing in China.

31. Increased foreign presence in China led to the Boxer Rebellion in which Chinese nationalist sought to rid China of all foreign influence.

32. Cuba

33. The Spanish-American War • The Main Idea • A quick victory in the Spanish-American War gave the United States a new role as a world power. • The Main Idea • How did simmering unrest in Cuba lead to rebellion? • Why did Americans get war fever? • What happened in the course of the Spanish-American War? • Why was annexing the Philippines controversial?

34. Cubans launched a series of revolts against Spain beginning in 1868, which Spain reacted to by exiling revolutionary leaders. José Marti moved to New York City in 1878, continuing to agitate for Cuban independence through newspaper articles and poetry. Marti returned to Cuba to participate in a revolt in February 1895 but was killed, becoming a hero instantly. The U.S. imposed a tariff on sugar-a commodity that had previously entered the U.S. duty-free. Sugar price fell and the Cuban economy was thrust into chaos. Spanish General Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler used ruthless tactics to suppress the revolt, further angering Cubans and swaying American sentiment to the side of the rebels. Simmering Unrest in Cuba

36. The battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana harbor, killing 260 American sailors. Although there was no proof, the explosion was blamed on a Spanish mine, galvanizing U.S. support for war with Spain. Americans Get War Fever

37. Yellow Journalism-Newspapers reported the uprising with dramatic headlines and articles. A letter written by the Spanish minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Loome, which ridiculed President McKinley, was published by the New York Journal. Americans Get War Fever

38. Introduction to Spanish-American War “A Splendid Little War” John Hay, Secretary of State, 1898

39. Who? Background: • Spain vs. America • Where? • Philippines, Cuba (Spain’s Colonies)

40. Background: USA Cuba The Philippines

41. Help give freedom to Spain’s colonies! Why?

42. Spain was fighting a guerilla war and needed to separate “good” from “bad guys” Spain’s Reconciliation Policy What? • Civilians were forced into government run camps (with bad conditions) Why? How did it lead to war? • Made Spain look bad in American eyes

43. Protecting their economic interests American Economic Interests What? • Many of Cuba’s sugar plantations were owned by Americans Why? How did it lead to war? • Made Americans more likely to help out Cuba

44. Make more $ if they keep you scared and interested “Yellow Journalists” What? • Newspaper created highly exaggerated stories Why? How did it lead to war? • Made Americans want war!

45. “Yellow Journalism” “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war” William Randolph Hearst Frederic Remington’s Disrobing Propaganda

46. Slide Analysis: Judge Cartoon

47. Sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor What? • USS Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba Harbor, • Most Americans believe it was Spain’s fault • 1976 US Navy analyzed the sunken ship, decided that the hull blew OUT not IN How did it lead to war? • “Spark” that started the war • “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!”

48. Slide Analysis: Headline of the Maine Explosion Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?2/17/1898 New York World

49. What event does the song refer to? How do you know? Who is/are the editor(s) that the singer blames? How could they be blamed for what happened? Do you think editors are the only ones to blame? Why or why not? Do you think what the singer says in the first verse of the song is generally true? Explain and give an example. Does the media still influence the American people today? Explain and give an example. Yellow Journalism

50. Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized PresidentMcKinley ashaving the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.