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Chapter 13: Genetic Technology

Explore genetic technologies such as Gel Electrophoresis, Transgenic Organisms, Bacterial Transformation, Human Genome Project, and Stem Cell Research. Understand how these methods are applied in paternity testing, gene therapy, and more. Delve into the ethical concerns surrounding genetic research.

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Chapter 13: Genetic Technology

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  1. Chapter 13: Genetic Technology • Gel Electrophoresis—Creates a DNA fingerprint • Uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites • DNA fragments are then added to the gel • Gel is placed in a chamber, covered with buffer

  2. An electric current runs through the gel • Fragments travel through the gel at different rates: • Small fragments travel further (lighter) • Long fragments do not travel as far (heavier)

  3. Applications • Paternity/Maternity Testing • Identification of: • Criminals • Human remains • Endangered species

  4. p. 359 in textbook

  5. p. 353 in textbook

  6. Transgenic Organisms • Organisms that contain genes from a different organism • Applications: • Plants that are frost resistant • Bacteria that can produce human insulin • Animals can be used to study human disease

  7. Bacterial Transformation • Desired gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid • Bacteria are stimulated to take in the plasmid • The bacteria can then produce the desired product • Ex. Insulin

  8. Human Genome Project • Effort to map and sequence all human genes • Has raised ethical concerns • Ex. Stem cell research, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms

  9. Applications: • Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders • Gene therapy (CF & SCID) • DNA fingerprinting

  10. Cell Specialization • Cells differentiate because of DNA expression and gene activity. • All cells contain the same DNA and the potential to become any type of cell • However, differentiation can not be reversed • All of our body cells have the same chromosomes and DNA

  11. The parts of DNA that are activated determine the function of specialized cells • Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells • Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment • Ex. Chemical signals released by other cells • Ex. Radiation and other mutagens

  12. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Embryonic cells that have not yet differentiated are called embryonic stem cells Stem cells found in organisms (ex. bone marrow) are called adult stem cells

  13. Both types of stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells under the right lab conditions. • Applications: • Currently: stem cell transplant (bone marrow) for cancer • Future: treatment of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and other nervous system disorders • Future: treatment of Type I diabetes in Children

  14. Ethical Concerns of Research

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