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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. States of Matter. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and volumes are definite or variable. Solid- state of matter that has a definite shape and definite volume Shape and volume CAN change

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 States of Matter

  2. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Materials can be classified as solids, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and volumes are definite or variable. • Solid- state of matter that has a definite shape and definite volume • Shape and volume CAN change • Liquid- state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape

  3. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Gas- state of matter that has neither a definite shape nor definite volume • Takes the shape and volume of its container • Other States of Matter- • 99% of all matter observed in the universe is plasma, or matter at extremely high temperatures

  4. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Kinetic energy- energy an object has due to its motion • The kinetic theory of matter says that all particles of matter are in constant motion • There are forces of attraction among the particles in all matter

  5. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Kinetic Theory of Gases • Average speed of the particles in a gas is about 1600 kph • The constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to fill a container of any shape or size. • Particles in a gas are in constant, random motion • The motion of one particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles unless the particles collide • Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under ordinary conditions

  6. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases • Behavior of Liquids • Average speed of particles is much slower than in gases • A liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can flow to new locations. • The volume of a liquid is constant because forces of attraction keep the particles close together. • Behavior of Solids • Solids have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations.

  7. 3.3 Phase Changes • Characteristics of Phase Changes • Phase Change- reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another • Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition are six common phase changes • Temperature and Phase Changes • The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change.

  8. 3.3 Phase Changes • Energy and Phase Changes • Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change. • Endothermic- energy is absorbed • Heat of fusion- amount of energy that a substance must absorb to change from solid to liquid • Fusion = Melting • Varies from substance to substance • Exothermic- energy is released

  9. 3.3 Phase Changes • Melting and Freezing • The arrangement of molecules in water becomes less orderly as water melts and more orderly as water freezes • Vaporization and Condensation • Vaporization- endothermic process that changes liquid into a gas • Heat of vaporization- amount of energy that a substance must absorb to change from liquid to gas

  10. 3.3 Phase Changes • Evaporation • Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid and occurs at temperatures below the boiling point • Evaporation- process that changes from liquid to gas below the boiling point • Vapor pressure- pressure caused by contained vapor and the walls of the container • Boiling • Happens when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure

  11. 3.3 Phase Changes • Condensation • Condensation- exothermic process that changes a gas to a liquid • Sublimation and Deposition • Sublimation- endothermic process that changes a solid directly into a gas • Dry ice • Deposition- exothermic process that changes a gas directly into a solid • Frost • Snow

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