America & the World

1. America & the World Chapter 20

2. Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific • Goals • Identify the major factors that drove imperialism • Explain how the United States acquired Hawaii • Describe the U.S. role in China • Discuss how Japan became a world power • Pennsylvania State Standards – 8.1.9.A, 8.1.9.B, 8.2.9.A, 8.2.9.B, 8.3.9.A, 8.3.9.B, 8.3.9.C, 8.3.9.D, 8.4.9.C

3. The Impulse for Imperialism • Imperialism: quest for colonial empires • Where: Africa, Asia, Latin America • Why: Markets, Raw Materials, Power, Prestige • Colonize: Protect interests, prevent competition

4. The Impulse for Imperialism • “Small states are of the past and have no future…The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for civilization and the advancement of the race. As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of line of march.” ~ Henry Cabot Lodge

5. The Impulse for Imperialism • The Influence of Sea Power upon History, Alfred Thayer Mahan of the U.S. Naval War College • Strong navy • Overseas bases • Other reasons for expansion • Spread political system • Christian religion

6. Acquiring Hawaii • Location: Pacific Ocean, about 2,000 miles west of California • Attraction: • Tropical climate • Lava-enriched soil • Possible naval bases • Fueling stations for ships

7. American Influence in Hawaii • 1st U.S. contact – trading and whaling ships • Missionaries • Spread Christianity • Settled • Raised crops especially sugar • Sugar industry exploded, Americans gained influence over King Kalakaua • Sugar deal (no tariff) • Pearl Harbor, Annex Rumors, Bayonet Constitution • McKinley Tariff (1890) – sugar to U.S. duty-free, crushes Hawaiian sugar industry, U.S. produces receive a subsidy (payment from the government)

8. A Nationalist Queen • Queen Liliuokalani – took over Hawaii after Kalakaua died • Favored independent Hawaii • U.S. Minister John L. Stevens • Ordered marines to surround and occupy capital building and the queen • Queen surrendered her throne • Sanford B. Dole – became president • President Grover Cleveland unhappy • President William McKinley happy

9. U.S. Involvement in China • History of trading with China – 1784 Empress of China • Closed versus Open countries • Spheres of Influence: regions where a particular country has established rights or power in an area • The Open Door Policy • Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay • Keep all China ports open to all nations • Never accepted / Nor rejected = Hay announced it’s approval

10. The Boxer Rebellion • Fists of Righteous Harmony (the Boxers) • Resented foreigners & missionaries • Blame for problems • 8 week siege • China maintained sovereignty but forced to pay $333 million to European powers for damages!

11. An Emerging Japan • 1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit to Japan, open up trade between the nations • As Japan emerged rapidly into a strong nation, competition between Russia for Chinese lands developed. • 1904 – Russo-Japanese War broke out in Manchuria • Portsmouth, New Hampshire: President Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty (subsequently won Nobel Peace Prize) • U.S. reminded Japan of their military might – world cruise

12. Section 2: War with Spain • Goals • Describe Spain’s response to the revolt in Cuba. • Explain the significance and impact of the Spanish-American War. • Identify the economic effects of the major battles of the Spanish-American War. • Explain what happened to the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. • Pennsylvania State Standards – 8.1.9.A, 8.1.9.B, 8.2.9.A, 8.2.9.B, 8.3.9.A, 8.3.9.B, 8.3.9.C, 8.3.9.D, 8.4.9.C

13. Conflict in Cuba • Cuba • Located 90 miles from Florida Keys • American interests • Under Spanish rule • José Martí – Advocate for Cuban independence • Actions of Gen. ValerianoWeyler…200,000 Cubans died!!!

14. The United States Reacts • Many Americans sympathetic…why? • Influence of the Media • William Randolph Hearst, “New York Journal” (Citizen Kane similarities) • Joseph Pulitzer, “New York World” • Yellow Journalism • “Remember the Maine!” • Feb. 15th 1898 • 260 sailors died • Cause? • War! April 25th 1898

15. War with Spain (Philippines) • Teller Amendment: Once Cuba won its independence, government and control up to its people, not U.S. • 1st Battle fought in the Philippines…why? • Ast. Sec. of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt • Commodore George Dewey • Emilio Aguinaldo – assists U.S. • Led rebel army of Filipino patriots

16. War with Spain (Cuba) • Fighting in Cuba • Obstacles • Men • Training • Uniforms • Rough Riders • Aftermath of the War • U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines ($20 mil) • Spain gave up all claim to Cuba • Approximately 5,400 U.S. soldiers died

17. Uproar over the Philippines • Annexation Debate • Arguments for: • Trade • Democracy • Keep out European powers • Arguments against • Violation of our own country’s ideals • Philippine Government Act (1902) • Jones Act of 1916 • Philippines gain independence in 1946

18. Section 3: Expansion in Latin America • Goals • Describe how the United States governed Cuba and Puerto Rico. • Analyze and identify the major obstacles in the construction of the Panama Canal. • Summarize U.S. policy toward Latin America during the late 1800s and early 1900s. • Pennsylvania State Standards – 8.1.9.A, 8.1.9.B, 8.2.9.A, 8.2.9.B, 8.3.9.A, 8.3.9.B, 8.3.9.C, 8.3.9.D, 8.4.9.C

19. Governing Cuba & Puerto Rico • Cuba • Platt Amendment: Cuba a protectorate • 1934 – renounce right to interfere • Puerto Rico • The Foraker Act: territorial govt in P.R. • The Jones Act: granted U.S. citizenship, elect both houses of legis. • 1952 – became a self-governing commonwealth

20. The Panama Canal • Why? • Early French effort • 1st U.S. attempt • Rebuffed • Roosevelt furious • Roosevelt “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate” (supported rebellion) • Work begins (1904), opens (1914) • Obstacles?

21. Relations with Latin America • Enforced Monroe Doctrine • The Roosevelt Corollary • Protects Dominican Republic • International Police Power • Dollar Diplomacy

22. Section 4: Conflict with Mexico • Goals • List the major events of the Mexican Revolution. • Explain why the United States intervened in Mexico. • Report on the outcomes of the Mexican Revolution. • Pennsylvania State Standards – 8.1.9.A, 8.1.9.B, 8.2.9.A, 8.2.9.B, 8.3.9.A, 8.3.9.B, 8.3.9.C, 8.3.9.D, 8.4.9.C

23. Mexico Under Díaz • Mexico before Díaz • Neglect • Crime • War • Restored order • Brought American Investment • Many Mexicans did not receive the benefits of economic growth

24. The Mexican Revolution • Díaz won re-election (1910) by force & fraud • Emiliano Zapata – called for land distribution • Francisco Madero – unified opposition forces and let the Mexican Revolution • Díaz resigned in May 1911 • United States supported Madero • Lack of control • Díaz supporters fight back • Victoriano Huerta (Madero’s general) seized control • Madero – imprisoned and later murdered

25. The Mexican Revolution cont. • Huerta continued to fight against an array of opponents. • Venustiano Carranza • Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Emiliano Zapata • Álvaro Obregón

26. U.S. Intervention • Huerta lost recognition from President Wilson (U.S.) • U.S. lifts embargo on arms sales to Mexico • Tampico • USS Dolphin stationed • Crew members were arrested • Released but U.S. demanded apology…ironic??? • Occupation of Veracruz • Huerta resigns, fled to Spain

27. The Revolution Winds Down • By 1915 • Villa and Zapata controlled about 2/3 of Mexico • Carranza controlled Mexico City (U.S. recognized) • Villa invaded U.S. soil at Columbus, New Mexico • Wilson ordered capture of Villa, sent General John J. Pershing after him • Carranza solidified power, new constitution included progressive reforms but state owned resources