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Chapter 21

Chapter 21. Discontent & Experimentation. Weakness within the democracies . Great britain. Decline of empire Economy in trouble: trade down, debt up, unemployment, protective tariffs Welfare state Allowed independence of some colonies

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Chapter 21

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  1. Chapter 21 Discontent & Experimentation

  2. Weakness within the democracies

  3. Great britain • Decline of empire • Economy in trouble: trade down, debt up, unemployment, protective tariffs • Welfare state • Allowed independence of some colonies • Statute of Westminster 1931 declared Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa to be “autonomous communities within the British Empire.”

  4. france • Heavy losses in WWI • Greater economic recovery: New factories, added territory, less unrest among workers • Political instability: 40 prime ministers in 20 years between 1920 and 1940 • Socialist and Communist parties gained support. • Formed more defensive alliances to protect against Germany. • Construction of the Maginot Line

  5. Maginot line • Along French/German border • 560 miles long • Underground chambers with power stations, ammo supplies, hospitals, theaters, living quarters. • Confident that the Line would stop any German advance.

  6. Maginot line

  7. Tank Defenses on the Maginot Line (in snow) Cutaway Diagram of Maginot Line Defenses

  8. The united states • “Return to normalcy” • Isolation • Decay in the moral life of the nation (Roaring 20s) • Stock market crash 1929 • Debts of European Countries affecting U.S. economy

  9. The united states • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) – 1932

  10. The new Deal • Offered government solutions to economic problems. • Works Progress Administration (WPA) • Agricultural Adjustment Administration • Securities and Exchange Commission • Civilian Conservation Corps. • Helpful or Harmful? • Increased the power of the federal bureaucracy.

  11. Rise of totalitarian dictatorships

  12. Through eyes of faith • What reason does the Bible give for the continued existence of the Jews despite the many attempts to destroy them? • Romans 11:1,5, 26-29

  13. Characteristics of totalitarian states • Use of propaganda • Use of secret police to eliminate opposition • Emphasizes the state rather than the individual • State control of every aspect of life • Maintains government by force • One-party political system with dictator

  14. Prominent 20th Century totalitarian states • Russia/Soviet Union – Lenin & Stalin • Italy - Mussolini • Germany - Hitler • Japan- Tojo

  15. The soviet Union

  16. Italy

  17. Germany • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZQ4yQDIf5k

  18. japan

  19. Communism in russia • Romanov czars were oppressive • Poverty • Censorship • Persecution of national groups (Poles, Finns, Jews) • Forced “Russianization” of peoples • Other countries were becoming open, free, democratic, but not Russia.

  20. Peasants in Czarist Russia.

  21. Communism in russia • Discontent turns into revolution. “Soviets in Action” 1918 photo by John Reed

  22. Communism in russia • Social Democratic Party with two factions: • Mensheviks hoped to bring change through peaceful measures. • Bolsheviks believed violence was necessary to change in Russia.

  23. Russo-japanese war

  24. Communism in russia • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) – unpopular with the people, brought Russian discontent to the surface. • The Russians were somewhat humiliated and lost territory to the Japanese.

  25. Communism in russia • Bloody Sunday 1905 – a peaceful protest turns violent when government soldiers open fire on the protesters. • This event further erodes support for the Czar. • Peasant uprisings, strikes, mutiny in the military. • Workers organize a soviet (council).

  26. Communism in russia • Russia’s participation in WWI also stirred unrest. • Russians were dying in large numbers fighting the Germans. • They were unprepared to fight a war. • Food was in short supply in the cities because it was being sent to the soldiers. • When people are hungry, they get mad.

  27. rasputin

  28. rasputin • A strange Russian Orthodox monk who believed and taught that the only way to reach God was by sinning and then gaining forgiveness. • See Romans 6:1-2. • Rasputin influenced the Czarina Alexandra. • His corruption and influence on the Czar weakened support for the Czar even more. • He was murdered by Russian nobles.

  29. The revolution • March 8, 1917 – workers overthrow local authorities in St. Petersburg. • Czar tries to disband the Duma (national assembly) • March 15, 1917 – Czar Nicholas II abdicates, ending 300 years of Romanov rule. Portrait of the Czar slashed in a riot at the beginning of WWI

  30. Alexander Kerensky, a Menshevik, tries to restore order.

  31. Sought to get Russia out of WWI immediately. • Wanted to implement radical social reforms. • Germans sent exiled Bolsheviks back to Russia to make trouble for the Mensheviks.

  32. Founding of the ussr • Vladimir Lenin – leader of the Bolsheviks • Believed in absolute necessity of violent revolution. • Believed that communism would spread when workers rose up everywhere under strong leadership. • “Dictatorship of the proletariat” • In reality – only a dedicated few would wield great power.

  33. Nov. 7, 1917 the Bolsheviks seize the government in St. Petersburg. • Government officials are arrested. • Lenin is the dictator.

  34. Reasons for lenin’s success • People wanted an immediate end to WWI, which the Bolsheviks supported. • Discipline among the military was low; no troop support for officers • People expected immediate solutions to Russia’s economic problems. • When the provisional government (after the czar abdicated) couldn’t deliver, people supported Lenin & the Bolsheviks.

  35. Russian civil war (1918-1921) • Leon Trotsky organized the Red Army, the military of the Bolsheviks. • Opponents of the Bolsheviks were called the “Whites.” They had the support of the Allies including the U.S. • Communists won. Trotsky

  36. Russia becomes communist • Capital moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. • Lenin died in 1924. • Country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • Central government controlled the 10 republics in the federation. • People still have no voice.

  37. Communist ussr – War Communism (civil war) • Nationalized Russian industry • Demanded peasants give surplus crops to the government • People were forced to work • No incentives to produce • The economy went into steep decline.

  38. Communist ussr • The government abandons “war communism” in favor of the New Economic Policy. • Retreat from communism so people wouldn’t overthrow the communist government. • Allowed some capitalism • Economy recovers somewhat.

  39. Strengthening of the ussr • Power struggle between Leon Trotsky and Jozef Stalin. • Stalin won out, established as dictator 1927.

  40. Five year plans • Government production goals. • Turn back to socialism. • Shortages • Inefficient • Mismanagement • Resistance from the people. • Stalin cracks down. • Secret police • Abuse p. 554. • Famine

  41. Results of 5 year plans • Some Western countries turned to planned economies in the wake of the Great Depression • The state tightened its grip over the Russian people. • No liberty.

  42. Reign of terror • Stalin’s purges – 800,000 Communist party members murdered. • Attempt to wipe out Christianity. Read Lenin quote page 555. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIj9BdkS46E&feature=related • From a documentary on Stalin’s Purges.

  43. Spread of communism • The goal of the Soviets was to spread communism to the rest of the world. • Comintern – Communist International stirred up discontent in other countries to foment revolutions.

  44. Fascism in italy & germany

  45. Italy • Fascism • (German fascism is called nazism.) • The fascists feared communism and promised stability & security. • People’s lives are restricted and controlled by the government in almost all aspects in both communist and fascist countries.

  46. Comparing: • Industry owned by government • Seeks a classless, international society • “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” • Ideally, the state will wither away and become unnecessary • Business privately owned, controlled by government • Nationalistic society • Governed by a military dictatorship • Glorifies the state Communism Fascism

  47. Italian disappointment • After WWI: • Italy wanted to dominate the Adriatic Sea. • Italy wanted control of Albania • Italy wanted some of Germany’s former colonies. (Britain & France took them.) • Italians feared communist agitators. • Socialists paralyzed the government. • Little land was available to the poor. • Strikes by labor unions brought industry to a standstill.

  48. italy • Italy had lost 500,000 men in WWI and gained little in return. • Economy was in trouble: strikes, inflation, unemployment, debt. Benito Mussolini

  49. mussolini • Son of a blacksmith • Young socialist • Jailed because of violent newspaper articles • Supported Italy’s involvement in WWI.

  50. Fascist party • Took its name from the fasces the symbol of power and authority in the ancient Roman empire. A fascist fez with the symbol of the fasces, worn by the Black Shirts

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