Social Studies flash Cards 4-3-12 By:tamenia Smith

1. Social Studies flash Cards 4-3-12 By:tamenia Smith

2. Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s. • Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs and teachings. • JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God. • This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. • The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening. • The Great Awakening The Great Awakening

3. Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father • 1706 – 1790 • Published Poor Richard’s Almanac; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. • Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies • Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life • Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence • Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War • Considered to be the “first civilized American” • Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove Benjamin Franklin

4. William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials. William Penn

5. Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs. Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America

6. Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. 1607

7. First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

8. Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule. A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in the colonies. Mayflower Compact

9. Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies. The more gold and silver a nation has determine its wealth. Mercantilism

10. The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America. Slave Trade

11. Trade route from: Europe ,Africa Africa ,West Indies West Indies ,Europe Triangular Trade Route

12. System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society in the South Plantation System

13. First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia. Based on Parliament. House of Burgesses

14. Along the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming Poor soil Cold climate Forests Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing shipbuilding Political factors: town meetings, representative government Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city) Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims New England Colonies

15. Rich soil Broad, deep rivers More natural ports River valleys Mild winters Raw materials Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding Political factors: more tolerance; diversity Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities) Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics Middle Colonies

16. Appalachian Mountains Navigable rivers Richer soil Warm climate Raw materials Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cotton Political factors: more slaves, more class-based society Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities) Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse Southern Colonies

17. Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created The New England Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas. Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida) Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary Events

18. Taxation without Representation • Boston Massacre • Boston Tea Party • Unalienable Rights • Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown • Declaration of Independence • Articles of Confederation American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

19. *Adoption of the Declaration of Independence *Main Author: Thomas Jefferson *Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston *“Common Sense” Written by: Thomas Paine 1776

20. Proclamation of 1763 • Stamp Act • Intolerable Acts • Mercantilism • Lack of representation in Congress • British economic policies following the French and Indian War Causes of the American Revolution

21. *British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley Proclamation of 1763

22. Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid. • British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War; • colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty; • Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act Stamp Act, 1765

23. British reaction to the Boston Tea Party • Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid for • Restructured Massachusetts government by taking away local control • Troops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial • Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods • First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774 Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774

24. A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials. • It includes a favorable balance of trade. • The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.) • The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country. • Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country. Mercantilism

25. Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies. • Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation). • The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament). • Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.” Taxation without Representation

26. Wife of John Adams • Served as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence. • Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice. • Advocate for women’s rights. Abigail Adams

27. Lawyer and politician • Defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre • A member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts) • Strong supporter of independence • Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence John Adams

28. African American Patriot • Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community of the impending British invasion • Served in the Continental Army • Fought at the Battle of Saratoga Wentworth Cheswell

29. American Patriot • Played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution • Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre • Member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts) • Cousin to John Adams Sam Adams

30. Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot • Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause Mercy Otis Warren

31. Slave in Virginia *Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army. *Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters. *He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette *Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown. James Armistead

32. A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence. *Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France. *He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785. *He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga. *Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war. Benjamin Franklin

33. Spanish nobleman *Became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777) *protected American ships in the port of New Orleans *helped transport war supplies *took up arms to fight the British and protect Louisiana Bernardo de’ Galvez

34. African American male • Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA • Became the first casualty (first to die) of the American Revolution • Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770 Crispus Attucks

35. King of England during the Revolutionary Era *Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire. *To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance. George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign. King George III

36. Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America • Played an important role in financing the American Revolution • Arrested by the British as a spy • Used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops • Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British Army • Became a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in the American Revolution Haym Solomon

37. Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses • Spoke against the Stamp Act • Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!” • During the American Revolution he served in the Continental Army Patrick Henry

38. Virginian • Early leader in the American Revolution • Delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1776 • Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence • Chief author of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson

39. French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA *Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions *Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government *Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army Marquis de Lafayette

40. Propagandist • Journalist • In January, 1776, published a pamphlet, “Common Sense” • Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause. Thomas Paine

41. Virginian *surveyor, planter *a soldier in the French and Indian War *a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses *commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution George Washington

42. Declaring Independence • Writing the Articles of Confederation • Battles of Lexington and Concord • Battle of Saratoga • Battle of Yorktown • Enduring the winter at Valley Forge • Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783 Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

43. Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation • “…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” • Listed grievances against the King of England • Written by Thomas Jefferson • July 4, 1776 • Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia Declaration of Independence

44. Occurred at the Second Continental Congress • Created a new form of government for the independent colonies • Included one branch – a Congress • Each state had one vote • Created a very weak government with no executive Writing of the Articles of Confederation

45. Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775 • Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favor • Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British Major Battles of the American Revolution CSY

46. Winter, 1777 • After suffering several defeats, Washington took his army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777 • Outbreak of small pox • Martha Washington came to help care for the men • The men were trained by Frederick von Steuben to become a more professional army rather than militias • Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage the men to stay the course and follow through with the revolution to the end Enduring the Winter at Valley Forge

47. 1783 • Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence • Great Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North America • Boundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the South Treaty of Paris, 1783

48. The concept of refusing to follow laws within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person considers the laws unjust.*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or unconstitutional. *Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes *Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience

49. Loyalists – these were colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel taxation was a reason to declare independence or break away from the mother country. Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution

50. Patriots were colonists who favored breaking away from Great Britain and becoming an independent country Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution