Psychology Semester 1 Final Review

1. Psychology Semester 1 Final Review

2. Two research methods widely used by psychologists are • a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure. • b. surveys and experiments. • c. water-float tests and lie-detector tests. • d. introspection and reinforcement.

3. Many scientists do not believe in extrasensory perception, or ESP, because • a. ESP researcher Joseph Banks Rhine failed to find examples of clairvoyance. • b. experiments in ESP often do not yield the same results twice. • c. the Ganzfeld procedure was not tested in a laboratory. • d. of all of the above.

4. The majority of psychologists are • a. clinical psychologists. • b. counseling psychologists. • c. school psychologists. • d. developmental psychologists.

5. Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on • a. external rather than internal influences. • b. behavior rather than cognitive activity. • c. heredity rather than environmental causes for behavior. • d. all of the above.

6. Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by • a. school psychologists. • b. developmental psychologists. • c. personality psychologists. • d. educational psychologists.

7. Modern psychology was born in the • a. 4th century B.C., with the Greek philosophers. • b. 1800s, after the birth of modern science. • c. 1900s, with the founding of psychoanalysis. • d. Middle Ages, with tests to determine if a person was possessed.

8. In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by • a. heredity rather than environment. • b. environment rather than heredity. • c. unconscious motives and conflicts. • d. conscious choice and self-direction.

9. The school of behaviorism defined psychology as • a. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • b. the biological study of the brain and its behavior. • c. the sociological study of group behavior. • d. the scientific study of observable behavior.

10. The modern biological perspective of psychology studies • a. only the behavior of animals. • b. the effects of biological factors on our behavior. • c. the effects of the environment on human behavior. • d. the impact people have had on their environment.

11. Human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of • a. the school of behaviorism. • b. Freudian psychoanalysis. • c. the humanistic perspective. • d. the school of functionalism.

12. One method that helps researchers gather information from many people is • a. a case study. • b. a survey. • c. a replication. • d. a correlation.

13. The case-study method of observation was practiced by • a. B.F. Skinner. • b. Wilhelm Wundt. • c. Sigmund Freud. • d. John B. Watson.

14. The cross-sectional method charts changes over time by • a. observing one group of participants over a certain period of time. • b. surveying people who are the same age about their personal histories. • c. manipulating the independent variable. • d. comparing participants from different age groups.

15. "Skinner boxes" are examples of • a. naturalistic observation. • b. laboratory observation. • c. stratified samples. • d. random samples.

16. In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to • a. help minimize the effects of volunteer bias. • b. ensure that the target population is represented. • c. complete a stratified sample. • d. show the effect of the treatment and no other factors.

17. A placebo is often as effective as taking a medication because • a. it is given under laboratory conditions. • b. neither the researcher nor the participant knows about it. • c. a person's expectations affect the results of a treatment. • d. it has a negative correlation with health.

18. A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers • a. may have expectations that affect their observations. • b. cannot control every variable outside a laboratory. • c. may not have time for a longitudinal study. • d. are bound by a code of ethics.

19. Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to • a. encourage participants to tell the truth. • b. make double-blind studies more effective. • c. make single-blind studies more effective. • d. avoid the placebo effect.

20. Synapses are located between • a. the forebrain and the midbrain. • b. the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. • c. the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. • d. the axons of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

21. The main function of the peripheral nervous system is to • a. relay messages between the brain's right and left hemispheres. • b. transmit information from the central nervous system to other parts of the • body. • c. speed up respiration and heart rate to increase alertness. • d. produce growth hormones.

22. Researchers learn about the brain by studying • a. images of the brain created by computers. • b. people with head injuries. • c. the effects of electrical stimulation on the brain. • d. all of the above.

23. The basic building blocks of the nervous system are • a. neurons. • b. medullas. • c. pons. • d. glands.

24. Acetylcholine and dopamine, which help control movement, are examples of • a. axons. • b. neurotransmitters. • c. glands. • d. chromosomes.

25. The "fight-or-flight" response to a stressful event is activated by the • a. thyroid gland. • b. hypothalamus. • c. sympathetic nervous system. • d. parasympathetic nervous system.

26. When you touch a hot object with your right hand, that information is sent to the • a. limbic system. • b. pituitary gland. • c. right hemisphere of the brain. • d. left hemisphere of the brain.

27. For most people, the ability to create language originates in the • a. hypothalamus. • b. thalamus. • c. right hemisphere. • d. left hemisphere.

28. Damage to Broca's area and Wernicke's area of the brain can cause • a. short-term memory loss. • b. loss of hearing. • c. difficulties in producing and understanding speech. • d. all of the above.

29. Electroencephalograms have been used by researchers to • a. diagnose certain kinds of psychological disorders. • b. identify specific areas of the brain that are associated with certain • sensations. • c. generate a three-dimensional image of the brain. • d. do all of the above.

30. The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it • a. is the largest gland. • b. secretes many hormones that affect a wide range of behaviors. • c. controls which information travels between the brain's hemispheres. • d. does all of the above.

31. Researchers have discovered that certain psychological disorders can be inherited, including • a. alcoholism. • b. schizophrenia. • c. anxiety and depression. • d. all of the above.

32. Sharpness of vision is known as • a. retinal disparity. • b. retinal convergence. • c. visual continuity. • d. visual acuity.

33. The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the • a. stirrup. • b. eardrum. • c. cochlea. • d. auditory nerve.

34. Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the • a. inner ear. • b. middle ear. • c. cochlea. • d. auditory nerve.

35. Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing • a. very quiet sounds. • b. anything but the loudest sounds. • c. sounds of certain frequencies. • d. any sounds at all.

36. Smell and taste are known as the • a. skin senses. • b. photoreceptor senses. • c. vestibular senses. • d. chemical senses.

37. The sense of taste can be disrupted by • a. loss of the sense of smell. • b. damage to the taste buds' receptor neurons. • c. damage to hearing or sight. • d. all of the above.

38. Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by • a. blocking the production of prostaglandins. • b. numbing sensory neurons around the roots of hair cells. • c. transmitting competing sensations to the cerebral cortex. • d. all of the above methods.

39. Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because • a. this numbs the skin's sensory neurons. • b. it causes more prostaglandins to flood the brain. • c. the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time. • d. of all of the above.

40. A person's vestibular sense helps control • a. depth perception. • b. the perception of pain. • c. the process of eyes adjusting to a darkened room. • d. balance.

41. Convergence is an example of • a. shape constancy. • b. brightness constancy. • c. a binocular cue. • d. a monocular cue.

42. Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

43. Mental process, such as a dream or memory • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

44. School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

45. Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

46. Founder of the school of behaviorism • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

47. Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

48. Founded structuralism • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

49. School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism

50. Action that can be observed or measured • A. John B. Watson • B. Gestalt psychology • C. sociocultural perspective • D. behavior • E. Socrates • F. cognitive activity • G. Wilhelm Wundt • H. Kenneth B. Clark • I. William James • J. structuralism