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Understanding the Respiratory System: Components, Ventilation, and Lung Functions

Explore the components of the respiratory system, including ventilation, gas transport, and lung volumes. Learn about lung capacities, physiological disturbances affecting ventilation, and lung function tests to assess respiratory health.

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Understanding the Respiratory System: Components, Ventilation, and Lung Functions

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  1. The respiratory system

  2. Respiration: • 4 components: • Ventilation • Diffusion • O2 and CO2 transport • Utilization of O2 and generation of CO2

  3. Ventilation: • Respiratory center in brainstem • Motoric neurons • Peripheral nerve: Phrenic nerves • Diaphragm • Chest wall • Airways • Alveoli

  4. Lung volumes: • 4 • Tidal volume: the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs during a normal, relaxed ventilatory effort. (500 ml) • Inspiratory reserve volume: the volume of air that can be inspired during a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume. (2L)

  5. Expiratory reserve volume: volume of air expelled after a maximal expiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume.(1L) • Residual volume: volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. Can`t be expelled.(1L)

  6. Lung capacities: • Total lung capacity: TV + IRV + ERV + RV. • Inspiratory capacity: TV + IRV • Vital capacity: IRV + TV + ERV • Functional residual capacity: ERV + RV

  7. FRC: • Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal, relaxed expiratory effort. • At FRC the respiratory system is in equilibrium. The tendency of the lungs to collapse are balanced by the tendency of the thoracic wall to expand.

  8. Physiological disturbances affecting ventilation: • Brainstem: Respiratory center. Bleeding, tumor, raised intracranial pressure with herniation. • Motoric neurons in spinal cord: Poliomyelitis, motor neuron disease, trauma etc. • Peripheral nerve: Phrenic nerves.

  9. Diaphragm: Myopathy • Chest wall: Rib fractures, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax, mesothelioma. • Airways: Asthma, COPD, upper airway obstruction. • Alveoli: Filled by blood, fluid, pus, tumor, protein etc..

  10. Physiological lung function tests: • Ventilatory function: Assess flow via flow-volume loop- FEV1. Assess adequacy of ventilation with PaCO2. • Diffusion: Assess with CO-diffusion test: DLCO. • Pulmonary perfusion: Ventilation-perfusion scan. Inhaled radioactive xenon matched with technetium. • Structure of lung: CT • Ciliary function tests • Arterial blood gas analysis

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