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Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning: Part 2

Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning: Part 2. Lesson 10. Salience: Operant Learning. S D / S ∆ intensity More noticeable  faster learning S R intensity Magnitude of reinforcement  magnitude  faster learning S R value  value  faster learning

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Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning: Part 2

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  1. Factors Influencing Respondent & Operant Learning:Part 2 Lesson 10

  2. Salience: Operant Learning • SD / S∆ intensity • More noticeable  faster learning • SR intensity • Magnitude of reinforcement •  magnitude  faster learning • SR value •  value  faster learning • Can be modified by experience ~

  3. Operant: Delay vs Magnitude • Delay most important factor • Small, immediate reinforcer more powerful… • Than large, delayed reward • Immediate consequences • More closely connected to situation • e.g., hangovers as punishment ~

  4. Salience: CS Intensity Hi stronger CS Asymptote CR weaker CS Lo # of CS - US pairings • CS intensity • ­intensity  ~ Faster conditioning

  5. Salience: CS Intensity • Stimulus millieu • Always multiple potential CSs • Overshadowing • Concurrent cues • TONE/light – shock  pain/fear • TONE  stronger fear • light  weaker fear ~

  6. Salience: US Intensity • Increased intensity • Faster conditioning and… • Stronger CR possible • Raise Asymptote

  7. stronger US Salience: US Intensity Hi Asymptote CR weaker US Lo # of CS - US pairings

  8. Salience & Previous Experience • Surprisingness of US important • Affects rapidity & strength of learning • Novel stimuli best cues • CS+ / CS- and SD / S∆ • Not cues for other • only occur with US/SR ~

  9. Salience & Previous Experience • Latent Inhibition • Slower acquisition if CS is familiar • Cues associated w/ other events • Inhibits association w/ new US/SR • Blocking effect • Tone—shock pain/fear • Tone  fear • Tone/Light – shock  pain/fear • Light  no fear (or weak) • Redundancy ~

  10. Sensory Preconditioning • Conditional Stimuli paired first • no US • many times • Acquisition • one CS is paired with a US • other is not • Extinction of CS paired with US ~

  11. Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA) • Exception to usual rules of conditioning • Delay can be hours • Requires only single CS-US pairing • Rats: novel food makes them sick • Will avoid that food, even if starving • Adaptive ? • Stewed tomatoes & beef jerky ~

  12. Conditioned Taste Aversions • Learn to avoid foods that make you sick • Eat a novel food • Taste = CS • Become sick • Avoid food • Resistant to extinction • Species specific tendencies • Mammals: Taste cues (CS) • Birds: Visual cues ~

  13. Biological Preparedness • Animals differentially prepared • to associate certain CSs & USs • Highly prepared • learn very quickly • Unprepared • according to general learning laws • Contraprepared • great difficulty, if at all • even w/ appropriate contingencies ~

  14. Stimulus Relevance • Cues relevant for biologically important event • both taste & illness for food • visual cues & painful stimuli • highly-prepared associations • Contra-prepared or unprepared for others • Taste – foot shock • Sound/light -- illness ~

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