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1. Mon: Labor Day Tue: Sci. method Test Wed/Thurs: Organic compound lab Fri: What’s in my food A B C Bell warm up 09/10/10What do these foods contain?Options: carbohydrate/ lipid/protein/nucleic acid

2. Organic Chemistry

3. Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year Uses of Organic Molecules Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

4. Uses of Organic Molecules • A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year

5. About 60-90 percent of an organism is water Water Water is used in most reactions in the body Water is called the universal solvent

6. Water Properties • Polarity Cohesiveness Adhesiveness Surface Tension

7. Carbon-based Molecules • Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

8. Carbon is a Versatile Atom • It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

9. What makes carbon special? • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer energy level, so it has to form 4 bonds to become stable. • Carbon can bond with wide variety of other things.

10. What makes carbon special? • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer energy level, so it has to form 4 bonds to become stable. • Carbon can bond with wide variety of other things.

11. Hydrocarbons • The simplest carbon compounds … Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms

12. Carbon can use its bonds to:: • Attach to other carbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

13. Large Hydrocarbons: • Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies

14. Shape of Organic Molecules • Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape The shape determines its function in an organism

15. Functional Groups are: • Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach Lost Electrons Gained Electrons

16. Common Functional Groups

17. Giant Molecules - Polymers • Large molecules are called polymers Polymers are built from smaller molecules called monomers Biologists call them macromolecules

18. Examples of Polymers • Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

19. Monomers are the building blocks of organic molecules • Monomer + monomer + monomer etc = polymer

20. Most Macromolecules are Polymers • Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers Nucleic Acid Monomer

21. Linking Monomers Cells link monomers by a processcalled dehydration synthesis (removing a molecule of water) Remove H H2O Forms Remove OH This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar

22. When monomer is joined to another monomer, there is loss of water : dehydration synthesis

23. Breaking Down Polymers • Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water) Water added to split a double sugar

24. When polymer beaks down to form monomer, WATER is added –HYDROLYSIS • That is water is added to split the two sugars

25. Bellwarm up: Root words quiz • 1. Monosaccharide : mono / saccharide  • ___________ / _____________  • 2. hydrolysis : hydro / lysis • _____ / _______ • 3. polymer : poly / mer • __________ / ___________ • 4. dehydration: de / hydro / tion •   _______ / _____ / _______ • 5. macromolecule: macro / molecule •   _______ / molecule • 6. Lactose : lact / ose  • _____ / _____ • 7 Synthesis : Synthesis _________

26. Root word quiz • 0 = 100% • -1 = 93% • -2 = 86% • -3 = 79% • -4 = 72% • -5 = 65% • -6 = 58% • -7 = 51% • -8 = 44% • -9 = 37% • -10 = 30%

27. Macromolecules in Organisms • There are four categories of large molecules in cells: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

28. Question: Name the 4 organic molecules or biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

29. Question: • Monomer + monomer = ______________ • POLYMER

30. Q: Water is lost when monomers joins to form polymer . True or false • True • Dehydration synthesis • De= without • Hydro= water • tion = condition or state of

32. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates include: • Small sugar molecules in soft drinks • Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

33. Components of Carbohydrates are carbonhydrogen and Oxygen • Basic building block is a monosaccharide • Two monosaccharide form a dissacharide • Types: • Carbohydrate include • 1.Monosaccharide (building block) • 2. Disacharide • 3. Polysaccharide (polymer)

34. Monosaccharides: • Called simple sugars Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas C6H12O6

35. Monosaccharides (simple sugar) • Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar”

36. Isomers • Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same

37. Rings • In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures

38. Cellular Fuel • Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work ATP

39. Disaccharides • A disaccharide is a double sugar They’re made by joining two monosaccharides Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

40. Disaccharides • Common disaccharides include: • Sucrose (table sugar) • Lactose (Milk Sugar) • Maltose (Grain sugar)

41. Disaccharides • Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules Lactose is made of galactose + glucose GLUCOSE

42. Polysaccharides • Complex carbohydrates Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains

43. Examples of Polysaccharides Glucose Monomer Starch Glycogen Cellulose

44. Starch • Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants Plant cells store starch for energy Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

45. Glycogen • Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen Glycogen is similar in structure to starch

46. Q: in what form do animals store excess energy? • GLYCOGEN

47. Cellulose • Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants It is a major component of wood It is also known as dietary fiber

48. Cellulose SUGARS

49. Dietary Cellulose • Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber They have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

50. Function of carbohydrate • The main function is to store energy • In plant energy stored as STARCH • In animal energy stored as GLYCOGEN