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Chapter 3

Minerals and Rocks. Chapter 3. What is a Mineral ?. Figure 3.5c. A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid, inorganic, with definite chemical composition and distinct properties. Importance of Minerals. Figure 3.2. All matter, including minerals and rocks, made of atoms

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Chapter 3

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  1. Minerals and Rocks Chapter 3

  2. What is a Mineral? Figure 3.5c A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid, inorganic, with definite chemical composition and distinct properties

  3. Importance of Minerals

  4. Figure 3.2 • All matter, including minerals and rocks, made of atoms • Atom structure: Nucleus (proton and neutron) and surrounding electrons • Atomic number: The unique number of protons in an element’s nucleus • Atomic mass number: The sum of the number of protons and neutrons

  5. Basic Chemistry Review (2)

  6. Mineral Diagnostic Properties

  7. Figure 3.5

  8. Rock-Forming Mineral Groups

  9. Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron

  10. Figure 3.9

  11. Case History: Asbestos

  12. Rocks

  13. Figure 3.14

  14. Igneous Rocks

  15. Why do rocks melt? • 1. Geothermal gradient: temperature increases within the earth • 2. Decompression melting: as warm solid material rises the volume of overlying rock decrases • 3 Addition of water to magmas lowers melting temperature

  16. Igneous Rock Texture (1)

  17. Figure 3.16b

  18. Figure 3.16c

  19. Figure 3.15

  20. Igneous Rock Composition

  21. Igneous Rock Texture (2)

  22. Common Igneous Rocks

  23. Sedimentary Rocks • Formed at the surface environment conditions • About 75% of all rocks exposed at the surface are sedimentary • Reveal conditions on earth over time: fossils, climate, landscapes • Help Determine relative age

  24. Figure 3.16d

  25. Figure 3.16e

  26. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

  27. Nonclastic Sedimentary Rocks

  28. Sedimentary Structure and Environment

  29. Metamorphic Rocks • Changed rocks from preexisting rocks under solid state: NO MELTING! • Changes in mineralogy and rock textures but little change in overall composition • Agents of change: Temp, pressure, and chemically active fluid • EVIDENCE of Earth’s dynamic processes: Tectonic movement and igneous intrusion

  30. Metamorphic Rock Texture

  31. Rock Cycle

  32. Rocks and Environment

  33. Rock Structure& Strength

  34. Figure 3.32

  35. Figure 3.28b Failure of St. Francis Dam in California

  36. Figure 3.29a

  37. Figure 3.29b

  38. Figure 3.Ba

  39. Figure 3.Bb

  40. Figure 3.Bc

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